MASS COMMUNICATION AND JOURNALISM

MASS COMMUNICATION AND JOURNALISM SYLLABUS

(These syllabus may change from time to time. Please check with the relevant Public Service Commission websites for any changes in the syllabus)

Paper II & Paper III (Part A & Part B) Syllabus
Unit – I
Communication and Journalism – Basic terms, Concepts and definition, Nature and Process.
Types of Communication.
Mass Communication – Nature of Media and Content.
Mass Communication in India – Reach, access and Nature of Audience.
Unit – II
Role of Media in Society.
Characteristics of Indian Society – Demographic and Sociological impact of media in general.
Impact of media on specific audiences – Women, children, etc.
Mass media effects studies and their limitations.
Mass campaigns for specific issues – Social concerns, environment, human rights, gender equality.
The press, radio, television, cinema and traditional form of communication.
Unit – III
Journalism as a Profession.
Journalists – Their role and responsibilities.
Indian Constitution and freedom of press.
Research Restrictions.
Ethics and Journalism.
Careers in Journalism and Mass Media.
Training – Problems, perception and response by the industry Media management – Principles and practices.
Professional organisations in Media
Media Laws in India.
Unit – IV
History of Print and Broadcast media in general with particular reference to India.
Post – independent developments in print.
Newspapers – English and Indian language press – major landmarks.
Magazines – Their role, bookphase and contemporary situation.
Small newspapers – Problems and prospects.
Press Commission, Press Councils – Their recommendations and status.
Development of Radio after independence – Extension role, radio rural forums and local broadcasting – General and specific audience programs.
Development of Television – Perception, initial development and experimental approach; SITE phase and evaluation; Expansion of television – Post – Asiad phase, issues concerns and debates over a period of time.
Committees in broadcasting – Background, recommendations and implementation.
Cinema – Historical overview and contemporary analysis – Commercial, parallel and documentary genres – Problems and prospects for the film industry.
Unit – V
Communication and theories of social change.
Role of media in social change – Dominant paradigms.
Critique of the Dominant paradigm and alternative conception.
Development initiatives – State, market and the third force (NGO sector).
Participatory approaches and community media – Ownership and management perspectives.
Unit – VI
Introduction of research methods and process
Mass communication research – Historical overview
Administrative and critical traditions
Effects research – Strengths and Limitations.
Communication research in India – Landmark studies related to SITE.
Content analysis – Quantitative and qualitative approaches.
Market research and its relationship to Communication particularly advertising.
Sampling techniques – Strengths and Limitations.
Statistical methods of analysis basics.
Unit – VII
Colonial Structures of Communication.
Decolonisation and aspirations of nations.
Conflicts related to media coverage and representation.
International news agencies – Critique.
MacBride Commission – Recommendations and policy options.
Contemporary issues related to transnational broadcasting and its impact on culture, various perspectives and cultural impact.
Convergence of media – Problems and options.
Media Policies in an International Context.
India’s position and approach to international communication issues.
Unit – VIII
Radio & TV and Video as Media of Communication.
Grammar of TV& Radio and Video.
The Production Team.
Role of Producer.
Different Types of Programs :
Writing for Radio
Writing for TV – Researching for Scripts
The Visual Language
Camera Movements
Basic Theories of Composition – Cues and Commands.
Formats for Radio – Television – News, Sitcoms, Features, Commercials, Operas, Documentaries, Cinema, Theatre, Drama.
Editing Theory and Practice.
Sound Design, Microphones, Sets and Lighting.
Satellite, Cable television, Computers, Microchips.
Unit – IX
Advertising.
Marketing.
Ad copy and Layout.
Public Relations.
Public Opinion.
Propaganda.
Unit – X
The Techniques.
Different forms of writing.
Printing Technology and Production methods.
News agencies.
Syndicates and Freelancing.
Specialised areas of Journalism.

MASS COMMUNICATION AND JOURNALISM MCQs

1. Name the English daily which was derisively called as “The old lady of Boribunder”.
(1) Free Press Journal (2) Indian Express
(3) The Times of India (4) The Statesman
Ans: 3

2. The crusading journalists of the United States in the early twentieth century were identified as
(1) new journalists (2) muckrakers
(3) gatekeepers (4) stingers
Ans: 2

3. Immersive journalism is based on
(1) first person narration (2) second person narration
(3) third person narration (4) impersonal narration
Ans: 1

4. Identify the writer who belonged to new journalism in 1960s and 1970s.
(1) Tom Wolfe (2) Gerard Goggin
(3) Upton Sinclair (4) J. Tuchman
Ans: 1

5. Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton proposed ______ function of the mass media.
(1) Agenda setting (2) National integration
(3) Status conferral (4) Surveillance
Ans: 3

6. The two-step flow theory emerged from the field of
(1) Linguistics (2) Economics
(3) Politics (4) Legal Studies
Ans: 3

7. The psychoanalytic theories of media were advocated by
(1) Claude Levi-Strauss (2) Jacques Lacan (3) Ernesto Laclau (4) Louis Althusser
Ans: 2

8. The communication component of the dependency paradigm is most often referred to as
(1) modernization (2) cultivation (3) development (4) cultural imperialism
Ans: 4

9. In a priori approach, a person assumes that something is true as it is
(1) intuitive (2) creative (3) self-evident (4) effective
Ans: 3

10. The power of media is described as
(1) harsh (2) hard (3) oppositional (4) soft
Ans: 4

11. The most familiar of the ‘passive transmitter’ is the one which uses the metaphor of
(1) relativity (2) normative prescription (3) mirror (4) institutional autonomy
Ans: 3

12. For Marxists, mass media operate in
(1) professional arena (2) religious arena (3) ideological arena (4) arena of plural values
Ans: 3

13. The liberal model of media and politics, according to Hallin and Mancini, is located in
(1) Sri Lanka (2) Mauritius (3) Canada (4) Brazil
Ans: 3

14. Semiotic analysis regards media texts as a collection of
(1) alphabets (2) words (3) questions (4) paradigms
Ans: 4

15. The traditional scientific research is
(1) inductive (2) deductive (3) non-hypothetical (4) non-theoretical
Ans: 2

16. Yate’s correction is used in
(1) factor analysis (2) discriminant analysis (3) chi-square test (4) ANOVA
Ans: 3

17. The value necessary to reject a null hypothesis is identified as
(1) rejection value (2) cut-off value (3) critical value (4) matrix value
Ans: 3

18. Research questions and hypotheses are investigated with the help of statistical procedures called
(1) internal tests (2) external speculations (3) arbitration (4) algorithm
Ans: 4

19. The probability of rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true, means
(1) Type I error (2) Type II error (3) Type III error (4) Type IV error
Ans: 1

20. Discourse analysis is the analysis of a text through the identification of
(1) repetitiveness (2) opinions (3) language (4) objects
Ans: 3

21. For summarisation, the positivist researchers prefer
(1) specific individuals (2) general categories (3) unique explanations (4) special categories
Ans: 2

22. Social control in media organizations are normally exercised through
(1) legal procedures (2) formal channels (3) informal channels (4) religious codes
Ans: 3

23. Which country included free expression as part of the Human Rights Act ?
(1) USA (2) Sweden (3) Denmark (4) The UK
Ans: 4

24. The problem of hyphenated identities is related to _____ in international communication.
(1) Copyright issues (2) Trade and Commerce (3) Alienated Economy (4) Contra-flows of information
  Ans: 4

25. If some media houses have controlling shares in non-media companies, it is known as _____.
(1) Horizontal ownership (2) Cross-media ownership (3) Vertical ownership (4) Conglomerate media ownership
  Ans: 4

26. Free market processes, it is argued, have given rise to _____ ownership of newspapers.
(1) trust (2) plutocratic (3) co-operative (4) idealistic
  Ans: 2

27. Official sources are used in media because of their ____ on the subject.
(1) expertise (2) fairness (3) emotional attachment (4) bias
  Ans: 1

28. The importance of an event in relation to other potential news stories is labelled as
(1) Message clarity (2) Message parity (3) Message intensity (4) Message relativity
  Ans: 3

29. Gatekeeping in newspapers is usually associated with
(1) views (2) news (3) features (4) advertisements
  Ans: 2

30. The news ingredients of balance and fairness are used to understand the concept of ____ reporting.
(1) investigative (2) interpretative (3) impersonal (4) embedded
Ans: 3

31. Episodic framing is the characteristic of
(1) newspapers (2) magazine ads (3) television news (4) documentary films
Ans: 3

32. The thematic framing is largely used by
(1) radio (2) television (3) web portals (4) newspapers
  Ans: 4

33. _______ is a simultaneous real time distribution of any media.
(1) Networking (2) Broadcasting (3) Protocol (4) Transferring
  Ans: 2

34. Which one of the following is the free audio editing software ?
(1) Audacity (2) GIMP (3) Adobe Premiere (4) Picasa
  Ans: 1

35. A series of recorded audio episodes to which audience can subscribe is known as
(1) Vodcast (2) Podcast (3) Sound forge (4) Voice-over Internet protocol
  Ans: 2

36. The major objective of a community radio station is
(1) infotainment (2) entertainment (3) economic profit (4) social inclusion
  Ans: 4

37. The specific items in a TV programme budget are called
(1) essentials (2) circular items (3) line items (4) recurring items
  Ans: 4

38. Institutionalised stereotypes are referred to as
(1) credibility indicators (2) etiquettes (3) myths (4) customs
Ans: 3

39. “Everybody is doing”, a theme promoted through a media channel is known as
(1) Band wagon (2) Name calling (3) Transfer (4) Card-stacking
  Ans: 1

40. For a public relations practitioner, status difference is one of the main barriers in
(1) mass communication (2) intra-personal communication (3) impersonal communication (4) organizational communication
  Ans: 4

41. The four models of public relations describe the different forms of communication between an organisation and its stakeholders were developed by
(1) Edward Bernays (2) Ivy Lee (3) Walter Lippman (4) James Gruing and Todd Hunt
  Ans: 4

42. Poster panel facing approaching traffic is referred to as _____.
(1) Banners (2) Head-on-site (3) Flexography (4) Display balloons
  Ans: 2

43. Values and Life Style (VALS) classification was developed by
(1) David Ogilvy (2) Arnold Mitchell (3) Philip Kotler (4) Edward Bernays
  Ans: 2

44. The documentary, ‘Celluloid man’ is the life history of ______.
(1) Shyam Benegal (2) Adur Gopalakrishnan (3) P.K. Nair (4) Girish Kasaravalli
  Ans: 3

45. Perfect TV of Japan is owned by
(1) Graham Maxwell (2) Mukesh Ambani (3) Bill Gates (4) Rupert Murdoch
  Ans: 4

46. A cutline under a graphic illustration is popularly identified as
(1) line cast (2) pictureline (3) legend (4) blackline
Ans: 3

47. Columbia pictures is owned by
(1) Matsushita (2) Seagram
(3) Sony (4) Samsung
Ans: 2

48. Events that change people’s lives are classified as _____.
(1) Value (2) News
(3) Lies (4) Intro
  Ans: 2

49. Journalese is known for its
(1) Complexity (2) Simplicity
(3) Inclusivity (4) Exhaustiveness
  Ans: 3

50. The news agency of Italy is
(1) DPA (2) EFE
(3) PANA (4) ANSA
Ans: 4

51. ______ was the metal used for the matrix of the type-setting machines of yester-years.
(1) Carbon (2) Magnesium
(3) Lead (4) Brass
  Ans: 4

52. Assertion (A) : A strike by working journalists can be termed as illegal.
Reason (R) : If it is resorted to by violating a term of a settlement or during a pendency of arbitration proceedings before an arbitrator.
Codes :
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(3) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(4) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Ans: 1

53. Assertion (A) : Mass media audiences are acknowledged of their presence, but scant attention is paid to them.
Reason (R) : Because mass media are an institutionalised product of a corporate society, it is easy to examine them rather than their audiences.
Codes :
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(3) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(4) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
  Ans: 1

54. Assertion (A) : It is said that advocacy of communitarian strategy does demand a theoretical manipulation.
Reason (R) : Because there is enough literature and also historical evidence to say that it is a viable communication and development policy option.
Codes :   (1) Both (A) and (R) are true.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(3) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(4) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
  Ans: 4

55. Assertion (A) : Foreigners who run newspapers in India are not entitled to the rights guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution.
Reason (R) : Because this guarantee is available only to Indian citizens.
Codes :
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(3) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(4) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
  Ans: 1

56. Assertion (A) : The invasion of copyright does not constitute trespass.
Reason (R) : Because it is a proprietary right.
Codes :
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(3) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(4) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Ans: 4

57. Assertion (A) : The cross-media ownership has brought a new dimension to the business media management in India.
Reason (R) : The advertising outlay of corporate houses and the governments has made cross-media ownership highly viable in the country.
Codes :
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(3) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(4) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
  Ans: 2

58. Assertion (A) : The union government can curtail the space available in a newspaper for advertisement.
Reason (R) : Though the intention is to ‘prevent unfair competition, it cannot be done by reducing the circulation of a group of newspapers’.
Codes :
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(3) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(4) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
  Ans: 4

59. Assertion (A) : The press freedom in India is not absolute.
Reason (R) : Because the press is subject to the restrictions imposed by the Press Council of India.
Codes :
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(3) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(4) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Ans: 3

60. Assertion (A) : The magic bullet theory considers media institutions as powerful.
Reason (R) : The mass society concept that members are of uniform characteristics has led to this perception.
Codes :
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true.
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(3) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(4) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Ans: 1

61. Identify the correct sequence of editors of Indian Express.
(1) Frank Moraes, V.K. Narasimhan, B.G. Verghese, Arun Shourie
(2) Frank Moraes, B.G. Verghese, V.K. Narasimhan, Arun Shourie
(3) Frank Moraes, Arun Shourie, B.G. Verghese, V.K. Narasimhan
(4) Frank Moraes, V.K. Narasimhan, Arun Shourie, B.G. Verghese
  Ans: 1

62. Identify the correct sequence of communication models that were proposed by scholars :
(1) Maxwell McCombs & Donald Shaw, Elihu Katz & Paul Lazarsfeld, Harold Lasswell, David White
(2) Harold Lasswell, David White, Elihu Katz & Paul Lazarsfeld, Maxwell McCombs & Donald Shaw
(3) Elihu Katz & Paul Lazarsfeld, Harold Lasswell, David White, Maxwell McCombs & Donald Shaw
(4) Harold Lasswell, Elihu Katz & Paul Lazarsfeld, David White, Maxwell McCombs & Donald Shaw
  Ans: 2

63. Find the correct chronological order of the following :
(1) The Indian Press Act – The Indian Penal Code – The Press and Registration of Books Act – The Vernacular Press Act
(2) The Indian Penal Code – The Indian Press Act – The Press and Registration of Books Act – The Vernacular Press Act
(3) The Vernacular Press Act – The Indian Penal Code – The Indian Press Act – The Press and Registration of Books Act.
(4) The Indian Penal Code – The Press and Registration of Books Act – The Vernacular Press Act – The Indian Press Act
Ans: 4

64. Write chronological sequence of evolution of internet
(1) ARPANET, TCP/IP, MILNET, NSFNET
(2) NSFNET, MILNET, TCP/IP, ARPANET
(3) MILNET, ARPANET, NSFNET, MILNET
(4) TCP/IP, NSFNET, ARPANET, MILNET
Ans: 1

65. Find the correct chronological order of the following :
(1) The Indian Post Office Act – The Official Secrets Act – The Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Library) Act – The Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act
(2) The Official Secrets Act – The Indian Post Office Act – The Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Library) Act – The Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act
(3) The Indian Post Office Act – The Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act – The Official Secrets Act – The Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Library) Act
(4) The Official Secrets Act – The Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Library) Act – The Indian Post Office Act – The Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act
Ans: 1

66. Match the following :
List – I (Author)
List – II (Book)
a. David McClelland i. On the Theory of Social Change
b. Walt Rostow ii. The Achieving Society
c. Everett Hagan iii. Small is Beautiful
d. E.F. Schumacher iv. Stages of Economic Growth
Codes :   a b c d
(1) iii iv i ii
(2) iv ii i iii
(3) i ii iii iv
(4) ii iv i iii
Ans: 4

67. Which was the first film of the following actresses ?
List – I (Actresses)
List – II (Films)
a. Nargis i. Cobbler
b. Geeta Bali ii. Junglee
c. Saira Bano iii. Talaash-e-Haq
d. Shabana Azmi iv. Ankur
Codes :   a b c d
(1) i ii iii iv
(2) iii i ii iv
(3) iii ii iv I
(4) iv iii i ii
Ans: 2

68. Match the following :
List – I (Concept)
List – II (Description)
a. Moral Panic i. Acting as a mechanism to produce consensus between the state and society
b. Reality Formation ii. Reinforcement of a set of dominant values
c. Ideology endorsement iii. Production of a set of ideas as to social norms
d. Social Control iv. Inducing unfounded anxieties
Codes :   a b c d (1) i ii iii iv (2) ii iii iv i (3) iv iii ii i (4) iii iv i ii
Ans: 3

69. Match the following :
List – I (New Leaks/Scandals)
List – II (Key player)
a. Panama Papers i. Edward Snowden
b. Wikileaks ii. International Consortium of Investigative Journalism
c. Pentagon Papers iii. Julian Asange
d. NSA Surveillance   iv. New York Times
Codes :   a b c d
(1) i ii iv iii
(2) ii iii iv I
(3) iii iv ii i
(4) i iv iii ii
  Ans: 2

70. Match the following :
List – I (Common Organisational Codes)
List – II (Organisation / Entities)
a. dotcom i. Organisation established by international treaties
b. dotnet ii. reserved for accredited, professionals and related entities
c. dotPro iii. refers to a network (most of these belong to ISPs)
d. dotint iv. indicates commercial site
Codes :   a b c d
(1) i iii ii iv
(2) iv iii ii i
(3) iii ii i iv
(4) i ii iv iii
Ans: 2

Read the following passage and answer questions from 71 to 75 :
Some of the social codes which constitute our reality are relatively precisely definable in terms of the medium through which they are expressed – skin colour, dress, hair, facial expression, and so on. Others such as those that make up a landscape, for example, may be less easy to specify systematically, but they are still present and working hard. Different sorts of trees have different connotative meanings encoded in them, so do rocks and birds. So a tree reflected in a lake, for example, is fully encoded even before it is photographed and turned into the setting for a romantic narrative. Similarly, the technical codes of television can be precisely identified and analysed. The choices available to the camera person, for example, to give meaning to what is being photographed are limited and specifiable : they consist of framing, focus, distance, movement (of the camera or the lens), camera placing, or angle and lens choice. But the conventional and ideological codes and the relationship between them are much elusive and much harder to specify, though it is the task of criticism to do just that. For instance, the conventions that govern the representation of speech as ‘realistic dialogue’ result in the heroine asking questions while the hero provides the answers. The representational convention by which women are shown to lack knowledge which men possess and give to them is an example of the ideological code of patriarchy. Similarly the convention representation of crime as theft of personal property is an encoding of the ideology of capitalism. The “naturalness” with which the two fit together is evidence of how these ideological codes work to organise the other codes into producing a congruent and coherent set of meanings that constitute the commonsense in a society. The process of making sense involves a constant movement up and down through the levels of the diagram, for sense can only be produced when “reality” representations, and ideology merge into a coherent, seemingly natural unity. Semiotic or cultural criticism deconstructs this unity and exposes its “naturalness” as a highly ideological construct. A semiotic analysis attempts to reveal how these layers of encoded meanings are structured into television programmes. There are two possible sources of the conventions that govern the meanings generated by the code of camera distance. One is the social code of interpersonal distance in western cultures the space within about 24 inches (60 cm) of us is encoded as private. Anyone entering it is being either hostile, when the entry is unwelcome, or intimate, when it is invited. These are used for moments of televisual intimacy or hostility and which meanings they convey depends on the other social and technical codes by which they are contextualised, and by the ideological codes brought to bear upon them. The other sources lie in the technical codes which imply that seeing closely means seeing better- the viewer can see the power and the pleasure of “dominant specularity”.

71. How are some social codes expressed through a medium ?
(1) Speech (2) Facial expression (3) Writing (4) Argument
Ans: 2

72. Who can identify precisely the codes in television ?
(1) Scientist (2) Grammarian (3) Author (4) Camera man
  Ans: 4

73. What is the problem with ideological codes ?
(1) Camera placing (2) Framing and focus (3) Elusiveness (4) Distance
  Ans: 3

74. How can camera code be deciphered ?
(1) Through social code (2) Reality check (3) Ideology (4) Convention
  Ans: 1

75. What is the meaning of ‘dominant specularity’ ?
(1) Distance (2) Camera (3) Code (4) Ideology
Ans: 3

76. Aurobindo Ghosh’s Journal was :
(1) Satyavadini (2) Dharma
(3) Swadesimitran (4) Bala Bharathi
Ans: 2

77. __________ are arbitrary, abstract and represent unseen phenomena.
(1) Symbols (2) Signs
(3) Rules (4) Codes
Ans: 1

78. Priming effect of Leonard Berkowitz focusses on :
(1) Political manipulations (2) Television Violence
(3) Individualism (4) Personal Relations
Ans: 2

79. Who is the author of the book ‘Pen as my sword’ ?
(1) K. Rama Rao (2) S.K. Rau
(3) M. Chalapathi Rao (4) S. Prakasa Rao
Ans: 1

80. The information processing theory argues that our cognitive resources are :
(1) Large (2) Superflous
(3) Limited (4) Unreliable
Ans: 3

81. The positioning of news stories to highlight some aspects of a political issue is known as :
(1) Frame of reference (2) Semantic noise
(3) Homophily (4) Priming
Ans: 4

82. Which folk drama is known for its humour and social criticism ?
(1) Yakshagana of Karnataka (2) Nautanki of Uttar Pradesh
(3) Kariyala of Himachal Pradesh (4) Mohiniyattam of Kerala
Ans: 3

83. Deliberate manipulation of communication was referred to as :
(1) Campaigning (2) Propaganda (3) Advertising (4) Gossip
Ans: 2

84. The concept of structural violence as related to mass communication can be traced to :
(1) Johann Galtung (2) Jacob Thompson
(3) William Parker (4) Mark Pearson
Ans: 1

85. The lack of access to communication technology among people of different races, the poor, the disabled and the rural communities is known as :
(1) Group conformity (2) Technically savvy
(3) Group deviance (4) Digital divide
Ans: 4

86. The ‘Copyright day’ is observed on :
(1) February 01 (2) October 15 (3) July 05 (4) April 23
Ans: 4

87. Holism refers to :
(1) Interdependent systems exchange information
(2) Consists of sub-systems and supra-system affects every other part
(3) System have boundaries that separate them
(4) Interpenetrating systems freely exchange information
Ans: 2

88. Logo is an identifying mark of a :
(1) Product (2) Company (3) Person (4) Purchaser
Ans: 2

89. Bernard Berelson developed the research method :
(1) Content analysis (2) Telephone interview
(3) Action research (4) Focus group discussion
Ans: 1

90.Purposive Sampling is not amenable to :
(1) Field work (2) Testing
(3) Descriptive statistics (4) Inferential statistics
Ans: 4

91. The textuality of television is considered as :
(1) Limited (2) Indeterminate (3) Monosemy (4) Inter-textual
Ans: 4

92. The Limited Effect Theory was developed by :
(1) Coillion Cowper (2) John Abraham
(3) Elihu Katz (4) Joseph Klapper
Ans: 4

93. In innovation diffusion theory, those who directly influence early adopters are known as :
(1) Rejectors (2) Enforcers (3) Commentators (4) Change agents
Ans: 4

94. DPA is a news agency of __________.
(1) Spain (2) Sweden (3) Finland (4) Germany
Ans: 4

95. Identify the scale which is simply a system of assigning numbers to events :
(1) Ordinal scale (2) Internal scale (3) Nominal scale (4) Ratio scale
Ans: 3

96. E.M. Rogers’ work of ‘diffusion of innovations’ illustrates the power of :
(1) Meta-analysis (2) Content analysis
(3) Group analysis (4) Cognitive effects
Ans: 1

97. Most commonly used method specially in studies relating to behavioural sciences :
(1) Observation Method (2) Survey Method
(3) Interview Method (4) Content Analysis Method
Ans: 1

98. “The need for decolonisation and democratisation of information and communication” was propagated by :
(1) The New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO)
(2) Monopoly of broadcasting
(3) The Marxist Theory of Media and Society
(4) Copyright Policies
Ans: 1

99. The term, objectivity rituals, is used in :
(1) News reporting (2) Public relations (3) Advertising (4) Cultural communication
Ans: 1

100. Identify one of the key recommendations of the First Press Commission :
(1) Setting up of the office of Registrar of Newspapers of India
(2) Abolition of Press Council of India
(3) Introduction of Article 19 (1) (A)
(4) Special privileges to newspaper owners
Ans: 1