COMPARATIVE LITERATURE
COMPARATIVE LITERATURE SYLLABUS
(These syllabus may change from time to time. Please check with the relevant Public Service Commission websites for any changes in the syllabus)
Paper II & Paper III (Part A & Part B) Syllabus
Unit – I: The Epistemology of Comparative Literature
Definition and Scone of Comparative Literature
Development of the Discipline
Methodology
Unit – II: Literary Historiography
History and Literary History
Elements of Literary History
Problems of Periodization
Unit – III: The Theory of Genres
Oral and Written
Ancient, Medieval and Modern
Unit – IV: Thematology
Motifs, Myths and Archetypes
The Diachronic and Synchronic Study of Themes
Unit – V: Comparative Indian Literature
Traditions
Movements
Themes and Genres
Unit – VI: Literary Theory
Indian Poetics : Tamil and Sanskrit
Western Literary Theories
Unit – VII: Cross – cultural Literary Relations
Influence
Analogy
Reception
Unit – VIII: Translation Studies
History of Translation – Indian and Non – Indian.
Theories of Translation.
Problems of Translation – Linguistic and Cultural.
Unit – IX: Literature and the Other Arts.
Unit – X: Literature and Other Disciplines – Literature and Cultural Studies.
Paper II & Paper III (Part A & Part B) Syllabus
Unit – I: The Epistemology of Comparative Literature
Definition and Scone of Comparative Literature
Development of the Discipline
Methodology
Unit – II: Literary Historiography
History and Literary History
Elements of Literary History
Problems of Periodization
Unit – III: The Theory of Genres
Oral and Written
Ancient, Medieval and Modern
Unit – IV: Thematology
Motifs, Myths and Archetypes
The Diachronic and Synchronic Study of Themes
Unit – V: Comparative Indian Literature
Traditions
Movements
Themes and Genres
Unit – VI: Literary Theory
Indian Poetics : Tamil and Sanskrit
Western Literary Theories
Unit – VII: Cross – cultural Literary Relations
Influence
Analogy
Reception
Unit – VIII: Translation Studies
History of Translation – Indian and Non – Indian.
Theories of Translation.
Problems of Translation – Linguistic and Cultural.
Unit – IX: Literature and the Other Arts.
Unit – X: Literature and Other Disciplines – Literature and Cultural Studies.
COMPARATIVE LITERATURE MCQs
Note: Read the passage below and mark the correct answer:
The problem of writing the history of a period will be first a problem of description: we need to discern the decay of one convention and the rise of a new one. Why this change of convention has come about at a particular moment is a historical problem insoluble in general terms. One type of solution proposed assumes that within the literary development a stage of exhaustion is reached requiring the rise of a new code. The Russian formalists describe this process as a process of ‘automatization’, i.e. devices of poetic craft effective in their time become so common and hackneyed that new readers become inured against them and crave something different, something, it is assumed, antithetic to what has gone before. A see-saw alternation is the scheme of development, a series of revolts ever leading to new ‘actualizations’ of diction, themes, and all other devices. But this theory does not make clear why development has to move in the particular direction it has taken: mere see-saw schemes are obviously inadequate to describe the whole complexity of the process. One explanation of these changes in direction would put the burden on outside interferences and pressures of the social milieu:
1. The problem while writing the history of a period is _________.
(A) The problem of explanation and definition.
(B) The problem of discerning new conventions.
(C) The necessity to understand the degeneration of one convention and the emergence of an alternative.
(D) The need to understand the decay of the existing conventions.
Ans: C
2. The historical problem related to the change of convention is
(A) That a literary movement, when even a point of ennui is reached, calls for innovative practices.
(B) The rise of a new code due to change of convention.
(C) That the stage of exhaustion is reached in no time.
(D) The change of convention itself is a serious problem.
Ans: A
3. The word, ‘automatization’ means to the Russian Formalists
(A) The young readers always demand interesting new devices.
(B) The old get easily automatized.
(C) The poetic devices soon become so lustreless and uninteresting that the readers want something new.
(D) The poetic craft slowly gets fossilized.
Ans: C
4. ‘sea-saw’ alternation in the passage refers to:
(A) A combination of the devices of the present and the past.
(B) Prioritizing the past over the present.
(C) A scheme of developing the poetic craft of diction and theme.
(D) A number of protests that bring in innovations in the use of poetic materials and devices.
Ans: D
5. The change in convention is due to
(A) External interventions from the society.
(B) Internal pressures that poets suffer from,
(C) Insoluble problems due to decay of conventions.
(D) The new readers craze for innovative devices.
Ans: A
Read the following passage and answer the question based on it:
Parochialism and provincialism are opposites. The provincial has no mind of his own; he does not trust what his eyes see until he has heard what the metropolis – towards which his eyes are turned – has to say on any subject. This runs through all activities.
The parochial mentality, on the other hand, is never in any doubt about the social and artistic validity of his parish…… In Ireland we are inclined to be provincial not parochial, for it requires a great deal of courage to be parochial. When we do attempt having the courage of our parish, we are inclined to go false and play up to the larger parish on the other side of the Irish Sea. In recent times we have had two great Irish parishioners – James Joyce and George Moore. They explained nothing. The public had either to come to them or stay in the dark…
Parochialism is universal; it deals with the fundamentals.
6. Identify the true statement below:
(A) Parish and Parochial are related words.
(B) To be provincial is to be parochial as well.
(C) Provincialism runs through all activities.
(D) The writer does not identify him/herself with Ireland and the Irish.
Ans: A
7. In the author’s view, being parochial is _________.
(A) Not desirable
(B) Desirable
(C) Better than being provisional
(D) A matter of personal will
Ans: B
8. The author does not say that ______.
(A) The Irish are parochial
(B) The Irish are not Parochial
(C) The Irish tend to be Parochial
(D) The Irish are more parochial than provincial
Ans: C
9. The two examples the author cities of Parochialism are; according to him, good models to follow because
(A) They have confidence in their parish.
(B) They are great writers.
(C) They explain nothing.
(D) They are indifferent to the public.
Ans: A
10. The good models of Irish nationalism flounder when they “play up to the larger parish”. In this context, “the larger parish” refers to _______.
(A) Roman Catholicism
(B) The Orient
(C) Protestantism
(D) Europe
Ans: D
Read the following passage and answer the questions:
Traditionally, readers of literature, postulated an instantly responsive reader and strove to read like one. It is possible, however, to replace this postulate with the postulate of an initially unresponsive reader. Although it is strictly a postulate, it seems to correspond to observed reader behaviour at first meetings with a literary work. It is well known that the first reaction to unfamiliar music is one of puzzlement, apathy, or even dislike and that only continued exposure builds up a ‘taste’ or a capacity for response. This applies, in varying degrees, to music in general and then at lower levels of generalization, to a composer, a composition, a musician or singer, and an individual piece of music or a song. It similarly applies, again, varying degrees to literature, a genre, an author, a literary work and a particular passage.
11. The author is of the view that
(A) readers of literature are dumb
(B) readers of literature are believed to naturally respond to texts
(C) readers of literature take their time in responding to what is before them
(D) readers of literature respond without any prejudice
Ans: B
12. That readers naturally and instinctively respond to literature is a/an _______
(A) antiquated view
(B) modern view
(C) traditional view
(D) erroneous view
Ans: C
13. On what basis does the author advance his postulate of “an initially unresponsive reader”?
(A) Personal observation
(B) Observed behaviour of readers
(C) Behaviour of observant readers
(D) General statistical information
Ans: B
14. What, according to the author, is conducive to better appreciation of art objects?
(A) Taste
(B) Continued exposure to art objects
(C) Postulates relating to art objects
(D) Patience
Ans: B
15. What does the expression “in varying degrees” refer to in this passage?
(A) Literature, genre, author, etc.
(B) Composer, composition, musician etc.
(C) Capacity for response
(D) Capacity for appreciation
Ans: C
16. An artist, very crucial to an understanding of narrative forms in the eighteenth-century English culture, engraved the contemporary English society in a series of scenes called
(A) The Rogne’s Progress
(B) The Pilgrim’s Progress
(C) The Harlot’s Progress
(D) The Journeyman’s Progress
Ans: C
17. Lessing’s Laskoön invokes comparison primarily between literature and
(A) Greek Sculpture
(B) Roman Sculpture
(C) Roman art
(D) German music
Ans: B
18. Nietzsche’s Thus Spake Zarcthwstra was interpreted in music by
(A) Philip Glass
(B) Richard Strauss
(C) Karl Böhm
(D) John Cage
Ans: B
19. Identify the common factor which binds these three characters – Noah, Utnapishtim and Deucalion.
(A) They fought for the independence of their country.
(B) They built boats to save the lives of God’s creations.
(C) They spread Christianity in their homelands.
(D) They were all turned into beasts.
Ans: B
20. The concept of a ‘Literary History from Below’ was first enunciated by which of the following scholar?
(A) Susie Tharu
(B) Tutun Mukherjee
(C) Amiya Dev
(D) N.D. Mirajkar
Ans: C
21. The term ‘Mosaic’ is used to describe the cultural framework of
(A) USA
(B) Australia
(C) UK
(D) Canada
Ans: D
22. Comparative Literature: Where have we been, where are we now, where are we going and do we want to go there? Is a recent book on Comparative Literature by
(A) Dorothy Figueira
(B) Haun Saussy
(C) Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
(D) Steven Sondrup
Ans: A
23. Dialectic of Enlightenment was written by
(A) Jean Baudrillard and Max Horkheimer
(B) Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno
(C) Jean Baudrillard and Theodor Adorno
(D) Jean Baudrillard and Pierre Bourdieu
Ans: B
24. Listed below are 4 Indian journals. One of them was devoted to translation and translation studies.
(A) Triveni
(B) Indian Thought
(C) Hans
(D) Setu
Ans: D
25. It is argued that Indian literature is neither “one” nor “many” but rather a systemic whole, by
(A) Sujit Mukherjee
(B) Sisir Kumar Das
(C) Swapan Majumdar
(D) V.K. Gokak
Ans: C
26. Which of the following languages was not covered in Comparative Indian Literature, edited by K.M. George and published in 1984?
(A) Kashmiri
(B) Sanskrit
(C) Sindhi
(D) Lepcha
Ans: D
27. Name the theoretician who, in the 1920s, described Comparative Literature as a bogus term that made neither sense nor syntax.
(A) Lane Cooper
(B) Austin Warren
(C) Ulrich Weisstein
(D) Rene Wellek
Ans: A
28. Who among the persons listed below is not an indigenous story teller?
(A) Ned Kelly
(B) Lee Maracle
(C) Hoskie Benally
(D) Hiromi Goto
Ans: D
29. “On Cannibals” is
(A) a short story written by George Orwell
(B) an essay written by Michel de Montaigue
(C) an essay written by Francis Bacon
(D) a short story written by Kenneth Anderson
Ans: B
30. “Peshwar Express” is a short story by
(A) Krishna Chander
(B) Rajinder Singh Bedi
(C) Saadat Hasan Manto
(D) Ismat Chugtai
Ans: A
31. Among other things, Comparative Literature is a branch of literary history and it is, like all historical disciplines, faced with the thankless task of bringing order to the seeming chaos of ceaselessly unfolding and constantly flowing events. Who commented this?
(A) Amiya Dev
(B) Ulrich Weisstein
(C) Ruth Prawer Jhabwala
(D) Matthew Arnold
Ans: B
32. Which of the following works is not literature proper and is more of a political treatise?
(A) War and Peace
(B) Crime and Punishment
(C) The Prince
(D) The Agony and the Ecstasy
Ans: C
33. The first Japanese writer to win the Nobel Prize for literature was
(A) Yukio Mishima
(B) Yasunari Kawabata
(C) Haruki Murakami
(D) Kenji Nakagami
Ans: B
34. Death in Venice is written by
(A) Agatha Christie in English
(B) Machiavelli in Italian
(C) Thomas Mann in German
(D) Honore de Balzac in French
Ans: C
35. The Wretched of the Earth is a book by
(A) Edward Said related to postcolonial theory
(B) Edward Said related to readerresponse theory
(C) Franz Fanon related to readerresponse theory
(D) Franz Fanon related to postcolonial theory
Ans: D
36. Which of the following is associated with Translation Studies?
(A) Locke/Dryden Map
(B) Franco-Germanic Map
(C) Holmes/Toury Map
(D) Prussian-Czech Map
Ans: C
37. Which of the following texts argues that untouchability has its roots in internal social discrimination in India and not in racial difference, as had been argued by Stanley Rice, a sociologist?
(A) “Can the Subaltern Speak?”
(B) Balut
(C) Taral-Antaral
(D) Untouchables: Who were they?
Ans: D
38. “Comparative Literature in India” the landmark essay published in the Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature (YCGL) was written by
(A) G.N. Devy
(B) D.W. Fokkema
(C) Buddhadeva Bose
(D) Jasbir Jain
Ans: C
39. The first modern phase of Hindi literature is held to be the
(A) Dwivedi period
(B) Chhayavaad
(C) Pragativaad
(D) Bhartendu period
Ans: D
40. How many Prakrits are prescribed in “Natyashastra”?
(A) 5
(B) 8
(C) 7
(D) 10
Ans: C
41. In Brecht’s Der Kaukasische Kreidekreis, the most important message is contained in the
(A) Epilogue
(B) Chorus
(C) Prologue
(D) Dedication
Ans: C
42. Who among the following do you associate with the concepts of formal and dynamic equivalence?
(A) Itamar Evan-Zohar
(B) Eugene Nida
(C) Lawrence Venuti
(D) Walter Benjamin
Ans: B
43. Which writer’s Nobel Prize Address makes a reference to both Antonio Pigafetta and William Faulkner?
(A) Gabriel Garcia Marquez
(B) Octavio Paz
(C) Mo Yan
(D) Frauz Kafka
Ans: A
44. The journal of the Comparative Literature Association of India is called
(A) Literature and Literary Studies
(B) Literary and Cultural Studies
(C) Indian Comparative Literature Studies
(D) Sahitya
Ans: D
45. Sisir Kumar Das’ “Muses in Isolation” pleads for
(i) abolishing English studies in India
(ii) a rationale of English studies in India
(iii) a distinction between the teaching of English language and the teaching of English literature
(iv) strengthening the teaching of the English language in India
Codes:
(A) Only (i) is correct.
(B) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct.
(C) (ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct.
(D) Only (iv) is correct.
Ans: C
46. Which of the bodies mentioned below was one of the two organizations that merged to form the Comparative Literature Association of India (CLAI)?
(A) Comparative Literature Society
(B) Indian National Comparative Literature Association
(C) Dravidian Comparative Literature Association
(D) Comparative Literature Association of Delhi
Ans: B
47. Namdeo Dhasal’s poetry has been translated most recently into Bengali by
(A) Manabendra Bandyopadhyay
(B) Sunil Gangopadhyay
(C) Aveek Majumdar
(D) Mahasweta Devi
Ans: C
48. In the essay “Present Tasks of Comparative Literature” Meltzl emphasizes on the idea of
(A) Defamiliarization
(B) World literature
(C) The principle of polyglottism
(D) National literature
Ans: C
49. Identify the text which is not adapted from Mahabharata.
(A) Andha Yug
(B) Mahagatha
(C) Yugantar
(D) Samskara
Ans: D
50. The Aeneid is
(A) an epic poem written in Greek
(B) an epic poem written in Latin
(C) a historical treatise on ancient Greece
(D) an early Latin religious text
Ans: B
The problem of writing the history of a period will be first a problem of description: we need to discern the decay of one convention and the rise of a new one. Why this change of convention has come about at a particular moment is a historical problem insoluble in general terms. One type of solution proposed assumes that within the literary development a stage of exhaustion is reached requiring the rise of a new code. The Russian formalists describe this process as a process of ‘automatization’, i.e. devices of poetic craft effective in their time become so common and hackneyed that new readers become inured against them and crave something different, something, it is assumed, antithetic to what has gone before. A see-saw alternation is the scheme of development, a series of revolts ever leading to new ‘actualizations’ of diction, themes, and all other devices. But this theory does not make clear why development has to move in the particular direction it has taken: mere see-saw schemes are obviously inadequate to describe the whole complexity of the process. One explanation of these changes in direction would put the burden on outside interferences and pressures of the social milieu:
1. The problem while writing the history of a period is _________.
(A) The problem of explanation and definition.
(B) The problem of discerning new conventions.
(C) The necessity to understand the degeneration of one convention and the emergence of an alternative.
(D) The need to understand the decay of the existing conventions.
Ans: C
2. The historical problem related to the change of convention is
(A) That a literary movement, when even a point of ennui is reached, calls for innovative practices.
(B) The rise of a new code due to change of convention.
(C) That the stage of exhaustion is reached in no time.
(D) The change of convention itself is a serious problem.
Ans: A
3. The word, ‘automatization’ means to the Russian Formalists
(A) The young readers always demand interesting new devices.
(B) The old get easily automatized.
(C) The poetic devices soon become so lustreless and uninteresting that the readers want something new.
(D) The poetic craft slowly gets fossilized.
Ans: C
4. ‘sea-saw’ alternation in the passage refers to:
(A) A combination of the devices of the present and the past.
(B) Prioritizing the past over the present.
(C) A scheme of developing the poetic craft of diction and theme.
(D) A number of protests that bring in innovations in the use of poetic materials and devices.
Ans: D
5. The change in convention is due to
(A) External interventions from the society.
(B) Internal pressures that poets suffer from,
(C) Insoluble problems due to decay of conventions.
(D) The new readers craze for innovative devices.
Ans: A
Read the following passage and answer the question based on it:
Parochialism and provincialism are opposites. The provincial has no mind of his own; he does not trust what his eyes see until he has heard what the metropolis – towards which his eyes are turned – has to say on any subject. This runs through all activities.
The parochial mentality, on the other hand, is never in any doubt about the social and artistic validity of his parish…… In Ireland we are inclined to be provincial not parochial, for it requires a great deal of courage to be parochial. When we do attempt having the courage of our parish, we are inclined to go false and play up to the larger parish on the other side of the Irish Sea. In recent times we have had two great Irish parishioners – James Joyce and George Moore. They explained nothing. The public had either to come to them or stay in the dark…
Parochialism is universal; it deals with the fundamentals.
6. Identify the true statement below:
(A) Parish and Parochial are related words.
(B) To be provincial is to be parochial as well.
(C) Provincialism runs through all activities.
(D) The writer does not identify him/herself with Ireland and the Irish.
Ans: A
7. In the author’s view, being parochial is _________.
(A) Not desirable
(B) Desirable
(C) Better than being provisional
(D) A matter of personal will
Ans: B
8. The author does not say that ______.
(A) The Irish are parochial
(B) The Irish are not Parochial
(C) The Irish tend to be Parochial
(D) The Irish are more parochial than provincial
Ans: C
9. The two examples the author cities of Parochialism are; according to him, good models to follow because
(A) They have confidence in their parish.
(B) They are great writers.
(C) They explain nothing.
(D) They are indifferent to the public.
Ans: A
10. The good models of Irish nationalism flounder when they “play up to the larger parish”. In this context, “the larger parish” refers to _______.
(A) Roman Catholicism
(B) The Orient
(C) Protestantism
(D) Europe
Ans: D
Read the following passage and answer the questions:
Traditionally, readers of literature, postulated an instantly responsive reader and strove to read like one. It is possible, however, to replace this postulate with the postulate of an initially unresponsive reader. Although it is strictly a postulate, it seems to correspond to observed reader behaviour at first meetings with a literary work. It is well known that the first reaction to unfamiliar music is one of puzzlement, apathy, or even dislike and that only continued exposure builds up a ‘taste’ or a capacity for response. This applies, in varying degrees, to music in general and then at lower levels of generalization, to a composer, a composition, a musician or singer, and an individual piece of music or a song. It similarly applies, again, varying degrees to literature, a genre, an author, a literary work and a particular passage.
11. The author is of the view that
(A) readers of literature are dumb
(B) readers of literature are believed to naturally respond to texts
(C) readers of literature take their time in responding to what is before them
(D) readers of literature respond without any prejudice
Ans: B
12. That readers naturally and instinctively respond to literature is a/an _______
(A) antiquated view
(B) modern view
(C) traditional view
(D) erroneous view
Ans: C
13. On what basis does the author advance his postulate of “an initially unresponsive reader”?
(A) Personal observation
(B) Observed behaviour of readers
(C) Behaviour of observant readers
(D) General statistical information
Ans: B
14. What, according to the author, is conducive to better appreciation of art objects?
(A) Taste
(B) Continued exposure to art objects
(C) Postulates relating to art objects
(D) Patience
Ans: B
15. What does the expression “in varying degrees” refer to in this passage?
(A) Literature, genre, author, etc.
(B) Composer, composition, musician etc.
(C) Capacity for response
(D) Capacity for appreciation
Ans: C
16. An artist, very crucial to an understanding of narrative forms in the eighteenth-century English culture, engraved the contemporary English society in a series of scenes called
(A) The Rogne’s Progress
(B) The Pilgrim’s Progress
(C) The Harlot’s Progress
(D) The Journeyman’s Progress
Ans: C
17. Lessing’s Laskoön invokes comparison primarily between literature and
(A) Greek Sculpture
(B) Roman Sculpture
(C) Roman art
(D) German music
Ans: B
18. Nietzsche’s Thus Spake Zarcthwstra was interpreted in music by
(A) Philip Glass
(B) Richard Strauss
(C) Karl Böhm
(D) John Cage
Ans: B
19. Identify the common factor which binds these three characters – Noah, Utnapishtim and Deucalion.
(A) They fought for the independence of their country.
(B) They built boats to save the lives of God’s creations.
(C) They spread Christianity in their homelands.
(D) They were all turned into beasts.
Ans: B
20. The concept of a ‘Literary History from Below’ was first enunciated by which of the following scholar?
(A) Susie Tharu
(B) Tutun Mukherjee
(C) Amiya Dev
(D) N.D. Mirajkar
Ans: C
21. The term ‘Mosaic’ is used to describe the cultural framework of
(A) USA
(B) Australia
(C) UK
(D) Canada
Ans: D
22. Comparative Literature: Where have we been, where are we now, where are we going and do we want to go there? Is a recent book on Comparative Literature by
(A) Dorothy Figueira
(B) Haun Saussy
(C) Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
(D) Steven Sondrup
Ans: A
23. Dialectic of Enlightenment was written by
(A) Jean Baudrillard and Max Horkheimer
(B) Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno
(C) Jean Baudrillard and Theodor Adorno
(D) Jean Baudrillard and Pierre Bourdieu
Ans: B
24. Listed below are 4 Indian journals. One of them was devoted to translation and translation studies.
(A) Triveni
(B) Indian Thought
(C) Hans
(D) Setu
Ans: D
25. It is argued that Indian literature is neither “one” nor “many” but rather a systemic whole, by
(A) Sujit Mukherjee
(B) Sisir Kumar Das
(C) Swapan Majumdar
(D) V.K. Gokak
Ans: C
26. Which of the following languages was not covered in Comparative Indian Literature, edited by K.M. George and published in 1984?
(A) Kashmiri
(B) Sanskrit
(C) Sindhi
(D) Lepcha
Ans: D
27. Name the theoretician who, in the 1920s, described Comparative Literature as a bogus term that made neither sense nor syntax.
(A) Lane Cooper
(B) Austin Warren
(C) Ulrich Weisstein
(D) Rene Wellek
Ans: A
28. Who among the persons listed below is not an indigenous story teller?
(A) Ned Kelly
(B) Lee Maracle
(C) Hoskie Benally
(D) Hiromi Goto
Ans: D
29. “On Cannibals” is
(A) a short story written by George Orwell
(B) an essay written by Michel de Montaigue
(C) an essay written by Francis Bacon
(D) a short story written by Kenneth Anderson
Ans: B
30. “Peshwar Express” is a short story by
(A) Krishna Chander
(B) Rajinder Singh Bedi
(C) Saadat Hasan Manto
(D) Ismat Chugtai
Ans: A
31. Among other things, Comparative Literature is a branch of literary history and it is, like all historical disciplines, faced with the thankless task of bringing order to the seeming chaos of ceaselessly unfolding and constantly flowing events. Who commented this?
(A) Amiya Dev
(B) Ulrich Weisstein
(C) Ruth Prawer Jhabwala
(D) Matthew Arnold
Ans: B
32. Which of the following works is not literature proper and is more of a political treatise?
(A) War and Peace
(B) Crime and Punishment
(C) The Prince
(D) The Agony and the Ecstasy
Ans: C
33. The first Japanese writer to win the Nobel Prize for literature was
(A) Yukio Mishima
(B) Yasunari Kawabata
(C) Haruki Murakami
(D) Kenji Nakagami
Ans: B
34. Death in Venice is written by
(A) Agatha Christie in English
(B) Machiavelli in Italian
(C) Thomas Mann in German
(D) Honore de Balzac in French
Ans: C
35. The Wretched of the Earth is a book by
(A) Edward Said related to postcolonial theory
(B) Edward Said related to readerresponse theory
(C) Franz Fanon related to readerresponse theory
(D) Franz Fanon related to postcolonial theory
Ans: D
36. Which of the following is associated with Translation Studies?
(A) Locke/Dryden Map
(B) Franco-Germanic Map
(C) Holmes/Toury Map
(D) Prussian-Czech Map
Ans: C
37. Which of the following texts argues that untouchability has its roots in internal social discrimination in India and not in racial difference, as had been argued by Stanley Rice, a sociologist?
(A) “Can the Subaltern Speak?”
(B) Balut
(C) Taral-Antaral
(D) Untouchables: Who were they?
Ans: D
38. “Comparative Literature in India” the landmark essay published in the Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature (YCGL) was written by
(A) G.N. Devy
(B) D.W. Fokkema
(C) Buddhadeva Bose
(D) Jasbir Jain
Ans: C
39. The first modern phase of Hindi literature is held to be the
(A) Dwivedi period
(B) Chhayavaad
(C) Pragativaad
(D) Bhartendu period
Ans: D
40. How many Prakrits are prescribed in “Natyashastra”?
(A) 5
(B) 8
(C) 7
(D) 10
Ans: C
41. In Brecht’s Der Kaukasische Kreidekreis, the most important message is contained in the
(A) Epilogue
(B) Chorus
(C) Prologue
(D) Dedication
Ans: C
42. Who among the following do you associate with the concepts of formal and dynamic equivalence?
(A) Itamar Evan-Zohar
(B) Eugene Nida
(C) Lawrence Venuti
(D) Walter Benjamin
Ans: B
43. Which writer’s Nobel Prize Address makes a reference to both Antonio Pigafetta and William Faulkner?
(A) Gabriel Garcia Marquez
(B) Octavio Paz
(C) Mo Yan
(D) Frauz Kafka
Ans: A
44. The journal of the Comparative Literature Association of India is called
(A) Literature and Literary Studies
(B) Literary and Cultural Studies
(C) Indian Comparative Literature Studies
(D) Sahitya
Ans: D
45. Sisir Kumar Das’ “Muses in Isolation” pleads for
(i) abolishing English studies in India
(ii) a rationale of English studies in India
(iii) a distinction between the teaching of English language and the teaching of English literature
(iv) strengthening the teaching of the English language in India
Codes:
(A) Only (i) is correct.
(B) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct.
(C) (ii), (iii) and (iv) are correct.
(D) Only (iv) is correct.
Ans: C
46. Which of the bodies mentioned below was one of the two organizations that merged to form the Comparative Literature Association of India (CLAI)?
(A) Comparative Literature Society
(B) Indian National Comparative Literature Association
(C) Dravidian Comparative Literature Association
(D) Comparative Literature Association of Delhi
Ans: B
47. Namdeo Dhasal’s poetry has been translated most recently into Bengali by
(A) Manabendra Bandyopadhyay
(B) Sunil Gangopadhyay
(C) Aveek Majumdar
(D) Mahasweta Devi
Ans: C
48. In the essay “Present Tasks of Comparative Literature” Meltzl emphasizes on the idea of
(A) Defamiliarization
(B) World literature
(C) The principle of polyglottism
(D) National literature
Ans: C
49. Identify the text which is not adapted from Mahabharata.
(A) Andha Yug
(B) Mahagatha
(C) Yugantar
(D) Samskara
Ans: D
50. The Aeneid is
(A) an epic poem written in Greek
(B) an epic poem written in Latin
(C) a historical treatise on ancient Greece
(D) an early Latin religious text
Ans: B
51. Where does Rene Wellek demonstrate that the word ‘literature’ has narrowed its meaning?
(A) Discriminations: Further Concept of Criticism
(B) Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature
(C) Concepts of Criticism
(D) Theory of Literature
Ans: A
52. The French ‘Symbolistes’ called for anon-rhetorical poetry in the ______.
(A) 1840s
(B) 1860s
(C) 1880s
(D) 1900s
Ans: C
53. Kalidasa’s Sakuntala was first translated into a Western language by_______.
(A) William Jones
(B) Arthur Ryder
(C) Monier-Williams
(D) Heinrich Heine
Ans: A
54. Which of the following authors was a product of the Sturm und Drang movement?
(A) A.W. Schlegel
(B) J.W. Goethe
(C) Thomas Mann
(D) Friedrich Schiller
Ans: B
55. Rohinton Mistry is a diasporic novelist of ________.
(A) India
(B) Canada
(C) England
(D) Australia
Ans: B
56. The three-fold division, Antiquity –Middle Ages – Modern Age is
(A) The product of the Renaissance
(B) The aftermath of the Reformation
(C) An evolution from the Classicalage
(D) The result of the Romantic Revival
Ans: A
57. Who formulated the theory of aninexorable step-by-step progression of the three major literary kinds, epic, lyric and drama, in Greek literary history?
(A) Alexander Veselovsky
(B) S.S. Prawer
(C) Ulrich Weisstein
(D) Quintilian
Ans: A
58. Name the author of The German Novel
(A) Anna Balakian
(B) André Gide
(C) Roy Pascal
(D) René Etiemble
Ans: C
59. The ancient Greeks distinguished between ________.
(A) Metaphase and paraphrase
(B) Fidelity and transparency
(C) Adaptation and transcreation
(D) Imitation and adaptation
Ans: A
60. Who is of the view that genre studies involve two different directions, towards abstraction and differentiation?
(A) René Wellek
(B) S.S. Prawer
(C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
(D) Brandt Corstius
Ans: B
61. This novel is not a powerful attack on the legal-judicial system ______
(A) Kafka’s The Trial
(B) Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina
(C) Hugo’s Les Miserable
(D) Camus’ the Outsider (The Stranger)
Ans: B
62. The triadic structure of strophe antistrophe and epode, which incorporates dance movements into the structure of poetry, was initiated by ______.
(A) Sappho
(B) Horace
(C) Pindar
(D) Catullus
Ans: C
63. One source of Goethe’s Faust was ______
(A) Early Italian Renaissance paintings
(B) The 18th century English landscape paintings
(C) The paintings of Rembrandt
(D) The paintings of Titian
Ans: A
64. The concept of hegemony as a sophisticated tool for cultural analysis was developed by _______.
(A) Antonio Gramsci
(B) Theodor Adorno
(C) Herbert Marcuse
(D) Raymond Williams
Ans: A
65. The concept of ‘subaltern’ was first defined by ________.
(A) G. Spivak
(B) Homi K. Bhabha
(C) Antonio Gramsci
(D) Edward Saed
Ans: C
66. The first aesthetician to consider Svabhāvokti in Sanskrit poetics is _________.
(A) Ruyyaka
(B) Rudrata
(C) Bhamaha
(D) Bānabhat...ta
Ans: C
67. The concept of ‘Prefiguration’ has been formulated by ______.
(A) Ulrich Weisstein
(B) S.S. Prawar
(C) Francois Jost
(D) René Wellek
Ans: B
68. A study of the fortunes of Greek heroes in plays from Sophocles to Sartre has been done by _______.
(A) John White
(B) Anthony Burgess
(C) Kate Hamburger
(D) Raymond Trousson
Ans: C
69. According to Prawer, the history of the pastoral goes back to _______.
(A) Virgil
(B) Bion
(C) Aristotle
(D) Theocritus
Ans: D
70. T.R. Henn’s The Harvest of Tragedy depends _______
(A) New criticism
(B) Genre criticism
(C) Thematological Studies
(D) Culture Studies
Ans: B
71. Identify the novelist who used the terms of ‘Chutnefiction’ and ‘pickling’ as metaphors in his/her text?
(A) Arundhati Roy
(B) Vikram Seth
(C) ShashiTharoor
(D) Salman Rushdie
Ans: D
72. Shivaji Savant’s Mrintunjaya depicts the life of _________.
(A) Karna
(B) Bhima
(C) Arjuna
(D) Yudhishthira
Ans: A
73. Who is of the view that General Literature is the study of literature without regard to linguistic frontiers and Comparative Literature is the study of literatures in relation to each other?
(A) R.A. Sayce
(B) Benedetto Croce
(C) Lane Cooper
(D) Paul Van Tieghem
Ans: A
74. Identify the Australian writer:
(A) Michael Ondaatje
(B) YasmineGooneratne
(C) ShyamSelvadurai
(D) ShyamSelvon
Ans: B
75. Defoe’s canonical text Robinson Crusoe has been rewritten as Foe by _______.
(A) Graham Swift
(B) Nadine Gordimer
(C) Graham Greene
(D) J.M. Coetzee
Ans: D
76. The term ‘Comparative Literature’ was first used in English in 1848 by _____.
(A) Walter Pater
(B) Matthew Arnold
(C) John Ruskin
(D) D.G. Rossetti
Ans: B
77. The first academic treatment to the subject of Comparative Literature was given by ______ in his book called Comparative Literature.
(A) H.M. Posnett
(B) Francois Jost
(C) Elisabeth Frenzel
(D) N.P. Stallknecht
Ans: A
78. Who is of the view that a study of literary relationships is dangerous?
(A) Horst Frenz
(B) René Etiémble
(C) S.S. Prawar
(D) Jean M. Carré
Ans: D
79. According to H.H. Remak, ‘World Literature’, when compared to Comparative Literature, suggests an element of _______.
(A) Space
(B) Quality
(C) Time
(D) Intensity
Ans: C
80. The methodology of influence study was advocated by _________.
(A) The French School of Comparatists
(B) The American School of Comparatists
(C) The German Comparatists
(D) The Russian Comparatists
Ans: A
81. An American version of the creed of British Romanticism is ______.
(A) “Hugh Selvyn Mauberley”
(B) “Because I could not stop for Death”
(C) The Leaves of Grass
(D) “North of Boston”
Ans: C
82. Westerners generally thought of history as _______.
(A) the sum total of more or less random data.
(B) a remembrance of things past.
(C) ceaselessly unfolding and constantly flowing events.
(D) phenomena that have occurred at a specific time.
Ans: B
83. “The word ‘Romantic’ has come to mean many things that … it means nothing at all,” declared _______.
(A) Walter Pater
(B) John Keats
(C) A.D. Lovejoy
(D) Matthew Arnold
Ans: C
84. Which historian treated literary history ignoring the historical and mechanical order of succession of events, but focused on human experience?
(A) Robert Spiller
(B) George Saintsbury
(C) Compton-Rickett
(D) W.H. Hudson
Ans: A
85. Which of the following terms “stresses the beginning, rather than the duration, of a time span of considerable length”?
(A) Period
(B) Age
(C) Era
(D) Century
Ans: C
86. Who championed the theory of an inexorable step-by-step progression of the three major kinds, epic, lyric and drama, in Greek literary history?
(A) Ulrich Weisstein
(B) Quintilian
(C) S.S. Prawer
(D) Alexander Veselovsky
Ans: D
87. One of the first writer to discuss the separation of the literary genre from other aspects of literature was _____.
(A) Brunetiere
(B) Cicero
(C) Quintilian
(D) Horace
Ans: B
88. Genre is a journal published by ____.
(A) Indiana University
(B) The University of Illinois
(C) Columbia University
(D) Princeton University
Ans: B
89. The first literary work to discuss ‘genre’ is ______.
(A) Plato’s Republic
(B) Horace’s Ars Poetica
(C) Longinus’ On the Sublime
(D) Aristotle’s Poetics
Ans: A
90. Who separated the choric poetry from monodic poetry?
(A) The Greeks
(B) The Romans
(C) The Germans
(D) The French
Ans: A
91. Identify the work from among the following that does not have an Oedipal theme/motif:
(A) Desire under the Elms by O’Neill
(B) Hamlet by Shakespeare
(C) The White Devil by Webster
(D) The Infernal Machine by Cocteau
Ans: C
92. The archetypes of the anima and the animus were mentioned by ______.
(A) Carl Jung
(B) Karen Horney
(C) Melanie Klein
(D) Jessic Weston
Ans: A
93. The study of the Electra theme from the Classical Age to the present is an instance of _______.
(A) Synchronic study
(B) Monochronic study
(C) Anachronic study
(D) Diachronic study
Ans: D
94. A critic who compares Valmiki’s Ramayana and Tulsi Das’ Ram Charit Manas as literary epics is doing _____.
(A) a Diachronic study
(B) a Synchronic study
(C) an Archetypal study
(D) a Myth study
Ans: A
95. The German equivalent for the term “Thematology” is _______.
(A) Gestalt
(B) Wissenschaft
(C) Stoffgeschichte
(D) Geistesgeschicht
Ans: C
96. The Malayalam novel Chemmeen and the Tamil novel Amma Vandaal have been compared for their common theme of ______.
(A) Tradition and modernity
(B) Man-woman relationship
(C) Adultery and its consequences
(D) Society and women
Ans: C
97. One of the novels on the subject of the Muslim invasion of India – Jai Somnath – is by ________.
(A) Narmad
(B) K.M. Munshi
(C) Harinarayan Apte
(D) Dharmavir Bharati
Ans: B
98. Which of the following plays of Vijay Tendulkar has a historical setting?
(A) Sakharam Binder
(B) Kanyadaan
(C) Ghasiram Kotwal
(D) Silence ! The Court is in Session
Ans: C
99. Select the correct set from the following:
(A) (i) Bankim Chandra, Gora
(ii) Saratchandra, Srikant
(iii) Tagore, Anandmath
(B) (i) Bankim Chandra, Anandmath
(ii) Saratchandra, Srikant
(iii) Tagore, Gora
(C) (i) Bankim Chandra, Srikant
(ii) Saratchandra, Gora
(iii) Tagore, Anandmath
(D) (i) Bankim Chandra, Srikant
(ii) Saratchandra, Anandmath
(iii) Tagore, Gora
Ans: B
100. Identify the correct chronological sequence of the following Hindi authors:
(A) Jaishankar Prasad, Premchand, Yashpal, Mohan Rakesh
(B) Jaishankar Prasad, Yashpal, Premchand, Mohan Rakesh
(C) Premchand, Jaishankar Prasad, Yashpal, Mohan Rakesh
(D) Premchand, Jaishankar Prasad, Mohan Rakesh, Yashpal
Ans: A
(A) Discriminations: Further Concept of Criticism
(B) Yearbook of Comparative and General Literature
(C) Concepts of Criticism
(D) Theory of Literature
Ans: A
52. The French ‘Symbolistes’ called for anon-rhetorical poetry in the ______.
(A) 1840s
(B) 1860s
(C) 1880s
(D) 1900s
Ans: C
53. Kalidasa’s Sakuntala was first translated into a Western language by_______.
(A) William Jones
(B) Arthur Ryder
(C) Monier-Williams
(D) Heinrich Heine
Ans: A
54. Which of the following authors was a product of the Sturm und Drang movement?
(A) A.W. Schlegel
(B) J.W. Goethe
(C) Thomas Mann
(D) Friedrich Schiller
Ans: B
55. Rohinton Mistry is a diasporic novelist of ________.
(A) India
(B) Canada
(C) England
(D) Australia
Ans: B
56. The three-fold division, Antiquity –Middle Ages – Modern Age is
(A) The product of the Renaissance
(B) The aftermath of the Reformation
(C) An evolution from the Classicalage
(D) The result of the Romantic Revival
Ans: A
57. Who formulated the theory of aninexorable step-by-step progression of the three major literary kinds, epic, lyric and drama, in Greek literary history?
(A) Alexander Veselovsky
(B) S.S. Prawer
(C) Ulrich Weisstein
(D) Quintilian
Ans: A
58. Name the author of The German Novel
(A) Anna Balakian
(B) André Gide
(C) Roy Pascal
(D) René Etiemble
Ans: C
59. The ancient Greeks distinguished between ________.
(A) Metaphase and paraphrase
(B) Fidelity and transparency
(C) Adaptation and transcreation
(D) Imitation and adaptation
Ans: A
60. Who is of the view that genre studies involve two different directions, towards abstraction and differentiation?
(A) René Wellek
(B) S.S. Prawer
(C) Ludwig Wittgenstein
(D) Brandt Corstius
Ans: B
61. This novel is not a powerful attack on the legal-judicial system ______
(A) Kafka’s The Trial
(B) Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina
(C) Hugo’s Les Miserable
(D) Camus’ the Outsider (The Stranger)
Ans: B
62. The triadic structure of strophe antistrophe and epode, which incorporates dance movements into the structure of poetry, was initiated by ______.
(A) Sappho
(B) Horace
(C) Pindar
(D) Catullus
Ans: C
63. One source of Goethe’s Faust was ______
(A) Early Italian Renaissance paintings
(B) The 18th century English landscape paintings
(C) The paintings of Rembrandt
(D) The paintings of Titian
Ans: A
64. The concept of hegemony as a sophisticated tool for cultural analysis was developed by _______.
(A) Antonio Gramsci
(B) Theodor Adorno
(C) Herbert Marcuse
(D) Raymond Williams
Ans: A
65. The concept of ‘subaltern’ was first defined by ________.
(A) G. Spivak
(B) Homi K. Bhabha
(C) Antonio Gramsci
(D) Edward Saed
Ans: C
66. The first aesthetician to consider Svabhāvokti in Sanskrit poetics is _________.
(A) Ruyyaka
(B) Rudrata
(C) Bhamaha
(D) Bānabhat...ta
Ans: C
67. The concept of ‘Prefiguration’ has been formulated by ______.
(A) Ulrich Weisstein
(B) S.S. Prawar
(C) Francois Jost
(D) René Wellek
Ans: B
68. A study of the fortunes of Greek heroes in plays from Sophocles to Sartre has been done by _______.
(A) John White
(B) Anthony Burgess
(C) Kate Hamburger
(D) Raymond Trousson
Ans: C
69. According to Prawer, the history of the pastoral goes back to _______.
(A) Virgil
(B) Bion
(C) Aristotle
(D) Theocritus
Ans: D
70. T.R. Henn’s The Harvest of Tragedy depends _______
(A) New criticism
(B) Genre criticism
(C) Thematological Studies
(D) Culture Studies
Ans: B
71. Identify the novelist who used the terms of ‘Chutnefiction’ and ‘pickling’ as metaphors in his/her text?
(A) Arundhati Roy
(B) Vikram Seth
(C) ShashiTharoor
(D) Salman Rushdie
Ans: D
72. Shivaji Savant’s Mrintunjaya depicts the life of _________.
(A) Karna
(B) Bhima
(C) Arjuna
(D) Yudhishthira
Ans: A
73. Who is of the view that General Literature is the study of literature without regard to linguistic frontiers and Comparative Literature is the study of literatures in relation to each other?
(A) R.A. Sayce
(B) Benedetto Croce
(C) Lane Cooper
(D) Paul Van Tieghem
Ans: A
74. Identify the Australian writer:
(A) Michael Ondaatje
(B) YasmineGooneratne
(C) ShyamSelvadurai
(D) ShyamSelvon
Ans: B
75. Defoe’s canonical text Robinson Crusoe has been rewritten as Foe by _______.
(A) Graham Swift
(B) Nadine Gordimer
(C) Graham Greene
(D) J.M. Coetzee
Ans: D
76. The term ‘Comparative Literature’ was first used in English in 1848 by _____.
(A) Walter Pater
(B) Matthew Arnold
(C) John Ruskin
(D) D.G. Rossetti
Ans: B
77. The first academic treatment to the subject of Comparative Literature was given by ______ in his book called Comparative Literature.
(A) H.M. Posnett
(B) Francois Jost
(C) Elisabeth Frenzel
(D) N.P. Stallknecht
Ans: A
78. Who is of the view that a study of literary relationships is dangerous?
(A) Horst Frenz
(B) René Etiémble
(C) S.S. Prawar
(D) Jean M. Carré
Ans: D
79. According to H.H. Remak, ‘World Literature’, when compared to Comparative Literature, suggests an element of _______.
(A) Space
(B) Quality
(C) Time
(D) Intensity
Ans: C
80. The methodology of influence study was advocated by _________.
(A) The French School of Comparatists
(B) The American School of Comparatists
(C) The German Comparatists
(D) The Russian Comparatists
Ans: A
81. An American version of the creed of British Romanticism is ______.
(A) “Hugh Selvyn Mauberley”
(B) “Because I could not stop for Death”
(C) The Leaves of Grass
(D) “North of Boston”
Ans: C
82. Westerners generally thought of history as _______.
(A) the sum total of more or less random data.
(B) a remembrance of things past.
(C) ceaselessly unfolding and constantly flowing events.
(D) phenomena that have occurred at a specific time.
Ans: B
83. “The word ‘Romantic’ has come to mean many things that … it means nothing at all,” declared _______.
(A) Walter Pater
(B) John Keats
(C) A.D. Lovejoy
(D) Matthew Arnold
Ans: C
84. Which historian treated literary history ignoring the historical and mechanical order of succession of events, but focused on human experience?
(A) Robert Spiller
(B) George Saintsbury
(C) Compton-Rickett
(D) W.H. Hudson
Ans: A
85. Which of the following terms “stresses the beginning, rather than the duration, of a time span of considerable length”?
(A) Period
(B) Age
(C) Era
(D) Century
Ans: C
86. Who championed the theory of an inexorable step-by-step progression of the three major kinds, epic, lyric and drama, in Greek literary history?
(A) Ulrich Weisstein
(B) Quintilian
(C) S.S. Prawer
(D) Alexander Veselovsky
Ans: D
87. One of the first writer to discuss the separation of the literary genre from other aspects of literature was _____.
(A) Brunetiere
(B) Cicero
(C) Quintilian
(D) Horace
Ans: B
88. Genre is a journal published by ____.
(A) Indiana University
(B) The University of Illinois
(C) Columbia University
(D) Princeton University
Ans: B
89. The first literary work to discuss ‘genre’ is ______.
(A) Plato’s Republic
(B) Horace’s Ars Poetica
(C) Longinus’ On the Sublime
(D) Aristotle’s Poetics
Ans: A
90. Who separated the choric poetry from monodic poetry?
(A) The Greeks
(B) The Romans
(C) The Germans
(D) The French
Ans: A
91. Identify the work from among the following that does not have an Oedipal theme/motif:
(A) Desire under the Elms by O’Neill
(B) Hamlet by Shakespeare
(C) The White Devil by Webster
(D) The Infernal Machine by Cocteau
Ans: C
92. The archetypes of the anima and the animus were mentioned by ______.
(A) Carl Jung
(B) Karen Horney
(C) Melanie Klein
(D) Jessic Weston
Ans: A
93. The study of the Electra theme from the Classical Age to the present is an instance of _______.
(A) Synchronic study
(B) Monochronic study
(C) Anachronic study
(D) Diachronic study
Ans: D
94. A critic who compares Valmiki’s Ramayana and Tulsi Das’ Ram Charit Manas as literary epics is doing _____.
(A) a Diachronic study
(B) a Synchronic study
(C) an Archetypal study
(D) a Myth study
Ans: A
95. The German equivalent for the term “Thematology” is _______.
(A) Gestalt
(B) Wissenschaft
(C) Stoffgeschichte
(D) Geistesgeschicht
Ans: C
96. The Malayalam novel Chemmeen and the Tamil novel Amma Vandaal have been compared for their common theme of ______.
(A) Tradition and modernity
(B) Man-woman relationship
(C) Adultery and its consequences
(D) Society and women
Ans: C
97. One of the novels on the subject of the Muslim invasion of India – Jai Somnath – is by ________.
(A) Narmad
(B) K.M. Munshi
(C) Harinarayan Apte
(D) Dharmavir Bharati
Ans: B
98. Which of the following plays of Vijay Tendulkar has a historical setting?
(A) Sakharam Binder
(B) Kanyadaan
(C) Ghasiram Kotwal
(D) Silence ! The Court is in Session
Ans: C
99. Select the correct set from the following:
(A) (i) Bankim Chandra, Gora
(ii) Saratchandra, Srikant
(iii) Tagore, Anandmath
(B) (i) Bankim Chandra, Anandmath
(ii) Saratchandra, Srikant
(iii) Tagore, Gora
(C) (i) Bankim Chandra, Srikant
(ii) Saratchandra, Gora
(iii) Tagore, Anandmath
(D) (i) Bankim Chandra, Srikant
(ii) Saratchandra, Anandmath
(iii) Tagore, Gora
Ans: B
100. Identify the correct chronological sequence of the following Hindi authors:
(A) Jaishankar Prasad, Premchand, Yashpal, Mohan Rakesh
(B) Jaishankar Prasad, Yashpal, Premchand, Mohan Rakesh
(C) Premchand, Jaishankar Prasad, Yashpal, Mohan Rakesh
(D) Premchand, Jaishankar Prasad, Mohan Rakesh, Yashpal
Ans: A