FORESTRY
FORESTRY SYLLABUS
(These syllabus may change from time to time. Please check with the relevant Public Service Commission websites for any changes in the syllabus)
FORESTRY PAPER-I
Section – A
1. Silviculture – Principles and Practices: Growth and development of trees; classification of forests; growth of forests; factors of locality; natural and artificial regeneration of forests; methods of propagation, grafting techniques; site factors; forest nurseries – classification, layout, nursery beds, containers, nursery operations, nursery techniques, types of planting stock, grading and hardening of seedlings, special approaches; organization of plantation work; planting techniques and afforestation of different types of areas; establishment and tending.
2. Silvicultural Systems: Classification of Silvicultural systems; Clear felling; Uniform; Shelterwood; Selection; Coppice; Conversions. Silvicultural systems for management of temperate, subtropical, humid tropical, dry tropical and coastal tropical forests with special reference to plantation silviculture, choice of species, establishment and management of standards, enrichment methods, technical constraints, intensive mechanized methods, aerial seeding, thinning.
3. Silviculture of trees and shrubs: Silviculture of some of the economically important species in India such as Abies pindrow, Picea smithiana, Pinus wallichiana, Cedrus deodara, Pinus roxburghii, Quercus species, Populus species, Salix species, Ulmus wallichiana, Alnus nitida, Acer species, Morus alba, Toona ciliate, Bauhinia variegate, Juglans regia, Olea cuspidate, Acacia nilotica, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia catechu, Albizia lebbeck, Tectona grandis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus species, Terminalia species, Emblica officinalis Bombax ceiba, Shorea robusta, Santalum album, Vitex negandu, Dodonia viscose, Bamboos and canes. Recent advances in temperate and subtropical silvicultural research and practices.
Section B
1. Agroforestry, Social Forestry, Joint Forest Management and Rangeland Management: Agro-forestry – scope and necessity; role in the life of people and domestic animals and in integrated land use, planning especially related to (i) soil and water conservation; (ii) water recharge; (iii) nutrient availability to crops; (iv) nature and ecosystem preservation including ecological balances through pest-predator relationships and (v) providing opportunities for enhancing bio-diversity, medicinal and other flora and fauna. Agroforestry systems under different agro-ecological zones; selection of species and role of multipurpose trees and NTFPs, techniques, food, fodder and fuel security. Research and Extension needs. Social/Urban Forestry: objectives, scope and necessity; peoples participation. Participatory Forest Management: principles, objectives, methodology, details of steps involved such as formation of Village Forest Committees; scope, benefits and role of NGOs. Rangeland Management: Introduction, definition and scope; Environmental factors determining rangelands; manmade and natural rangelands; Rangelands in India-origin, distribution, characteristics, status and management; Grazing Capacity, Planned grazing systems and impact of grazing on forests, soils and water.
2. Forest Soils, Soil Conservation and Watershed management: Forests Soils: Classification, factors affecting soil formation; physical, chemical and biological properties. Soil Conservation: definition, causes for erosion; types – wind and water erosion; conservation and management of eroded soils/areas, wind breaks, shelter belts; sand dunes; reclamation of saline and alkaline soils, water logged and other waste lands. Role of forests in conserving soils. Maintenance and build up of soil organic matter, provision of lopping for green leaf manuring; forest leaf litter and composting; Role of micro-organisms in ameliorating soils; N and C cycles, VAM. Watershed Management: concept of watershed; role of forests and trees in overall resource management, forest hydrology, watershed development in respect of torrent control, river channel stabilization, avalanche and landslide controls, rehabilitation of environmental functions of forests; water-harvesting and conservation; ground water recharge and watershed management; role of integrating forest trees, horticultural crops, field crops, grass and fodders.
3. Environmental Conservation: Environment: components and importance; principles of conservation; impact of deforestation, forest fires and various human activities like mining, construction and developmental projects, population growth on environment. Pollution: types, global warming, green house effects, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, impact and control measures, environmental monitoring; concept of sustainable development. Role of trees and forests in environmental conservation; control and prevention of air, water and noise pollution. Environmental policy and legislation in India. Environmental Impact Assessment. Economics assessment of watershed development vis-a-vis ecological and environmental protection.
4. Tree improvement and Seed Technology: General concept of tree improvement, methods and techniques, variation and its use, provenance, seed source, exotics; quantitative aspects of forest tree improvement, seed production and seed orchards, progeny tests, use of tree improvement in natural forest and stand improvement, genetic testing programming, selection and breeding for resistance to diseases, insects, and adverse environment; the genetic base, forest genetic resources and gene conservation in situ and ex-situ. Cost benefit ratio, economic evaluation.
PART-II
Section-A
1. Forest Management and Working Plans: Forest Management: objective and principles; techniques, stand structure and dynamics, sustained yields; rotation; normal forest; growing stock and its increment; regulation of yield; forest organization; management of forest plantations, commercial forests, forest cover monitoring. Working Plans: working plans in forestry; objectives and scope; unit of working plan; period of working plan; annual plan of operations; preparation of working plans, format of working plan; control forms, stock maps, compartment histories and plantation journals; evaluation and monitoring tools and approaches for integrated planning; multipurpose development of forest resources and forest industries development.
2. Forest Mensuration and Remote Sensing: Methods of measuring diameter, girth, height and volume of trees; form-factor; volume estimation of stand, current annual increment; mean and annual increment. Sampling methods and sample plots. Yield calculation; yield and stand tables, forest cover monitoring through remote sensing; Geographic Information Systems for management and modelling.
3. Surveying and Forest Engineering: Forest surveying: Fundamental definitions and concepts of surveying; linear measurements; different methods of surveying; levelling and contouring; maps and map reading. Forest Engineering: Basic principles; building materials and construction; roads and bridges; general principles, objects, types, simple design and construction of timber bridges; estimates.
Section – B
1. Forest Ecology, Biodiversity Conservation and Dendrology: Forest Ecology: Biotic and abiotic components, forest eco-systems; forest community concepts; vegetation concepts, ecological succession and climax, primary productivity, nutrient cycling and water relations; physiology in stress environments (drought, water logging salinity and alkalinity). Forest types in India, identification of species, composition and associations; Biodiversity Conservation: definition, levels of study, distribution of diversity in life forms, hotspots of biodiversity. Measurement of diversity; diversity indices. Management of biodiversity; principles of conservation biology; Ex situ and In situ methods of conservation. Genetic and evolutionary principles in conservation; concept of rarity in plants. IUCN classification of rare/endangered plants. Biosphere concept; conservation of forest ecosystems; clonal parks; conservation efforts in India and worldwide. Dendrology: Scope of dendrology, taxonomic classification, importance of tree taxonomy in forestry. Description of the plants in scientific terms, study of spot characteristics of plants. Systematic identification of seeds, seedling, trees, and wood in field; vegetative morphology in identification of woody flora of forests. Floristics and procedures. Herbariums, collection processing and preservation of plant material, arboretums and xylariums.
2. Forest Resources and Utilization: Environmentally sound forest harvesting practices; logging and extraction techniques and principles, transportation system, storage and sale; Non-Timber Forest Products, (NTFPs) definition and scope; gums, resins, oleoresins, fibres, oil seeds nuts, rubber, canes, bamboos, medicinal plants, charcoal, lac and shellac, Katha and Bidi leaves collection; processing and disposal. Needs and importance of wood seasoning and preservation; general principles of seasoning, air and kiln seasoning, solar dehumidification, steam heated and electrical kilns. Composite wood; adhesives; manufacture, properties and uses of plywood, laminated wood, fibreboards, particle boards; importance of composite wood and present status. Pulp-paper and rayon; present position of supply of raw material to industry, wood substitution, utilization of plantation wood; problems and possibilities. Anatomical structure of wood, defects and abnormalities of wood, timber identification – general principles.
3. Forest Protection & wildlife Biology: Injuries to forest: abiotic and biotic, destructive agencies, insect-pests and disease, effects of air pollution on forests and forest die back. Susceptibility of forests to damage, nature of damage, cause, prevention, protective measures and benefits due to chemical and biological control. General forest protect against fire, equipment and methods, controlled use of fire, economic and environmental costs; timber salvage operations after natural disasters. Role of afforestation and forest regeneration in absorption of CO2. Rotational and controlled grazing, different methods of control against grazing and browsing animals; effect of wild animals on forest regeneration, human impacts; encroachment, poaching, grazing, live fencing, theft, shifting cultivation and control.
4. Forest Economics and Legislation: Forest Economics: fundamental principles, cost-benefit analyses; estimation of demand and supply; analysis of trends in the national and international market and changes in production and consumption patterns; assessment and projection of market structures; role of private sector and co-operatives; role of corporate financing. Socio-economic analyses of forest productivity and attitudes; valuation of forest goods and service. Legislation: History of forest development; Indian Forest Policy of 1894, 1952, National Forest Policy 1988; people’s involvement, Joint Forest Management, gender issues in forestry. Forest laws; necessity; general principles. Jammu & Kashmir Forest Act 1930; Forest Conservation Act 1997; Wildlife Protection Act 1978 and their amendments; application of Ranbir Penal Code in forest offence cases.
FORESTRY PAPER-I
Section – A
1. Silviculture – Principles and Practices: Growth and development of trees; classification of forests; growth of forests; factors of locality; natural and artificial regeneration of forests; methods of propagation, grafting techniques; site factors; forest nurseries – classification, layout, nursery beds, containers, nursery operations, nursery techniques, types of planting stock, grading and hardening of seedlings, special approaches; organization of plantation work; planting techniques and afforestation of different types of areas; establishment and tending.
2. Silvicultural Systems: Classification of Silvicultural systems; Clear felling; Uniform; Shelterwood; Selection; Coppice; Conversions. Silvicultural systems for management of temperate, subtropical, humid tropical, dry tropical and coastal tropical forests with special reference to plantation silviculture, choice of species, establishment and management of standards, enrichment methods, technical constraints, intensive mechanized methods, aerial seeding, thinning.
3. Silviculture of trees and shrubs: Silviculture of some of the economically important species in India such as Abies pindrow, Picea smithiana, Pinus wallichiana, Cedrus deodara, Pinus roxburghii, Quercus species, Populus species, Salix species, Ulmus wallichiana, Alnus nitida, Acer species, Morus alba, Toona ciliate, Bauhinia variegate, Juglans regia, Olea cuspidate, Acacia nilotica, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia catechu, Albizia lebbeck, Tectona grandis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus species, Terminalia species, Emblica officinalis Bombax ceiba, Shorea robusta, Santalum album, Vitex negandu, Dodonia viscose, Bamboos and canes. Recent advances in temperate and subtropical silvicultural research and practices.
Section B
1. Agroforestry, Social Forestry, Joint Forest Management and Rangeland Management: Agro-forestry – scope and necessity; role in the life of people and domestic animals and in integrated land use, planning especially related to (i) soil and water conservation; (ii) water recharge; (iii) nutrient availability to crops; (iv) nature and ecosystem preservation including ecological balances through pest-predator relationships and (v) providing opportunities for enhancing bio-diversity, medicinal and other flora and fauna. Agroforestry systems under different agro-ecological zones; selection of species and role of multipurpose trees and NTFPs, techniques, food, fodder and fuel security. Research and Extension needs. Social/Urban Forestry: objectives, scope and necessity; peoples participation. Participatory Forest Management: principles, objectives, methodology, details of steps involved such as formation of Village Forest Committees; scope, benefits and role of NGOs. Rangeland Management: Introduction, definition and scope; Environmental factors determining rangelands; manmade and natural rangelands; Rangelands in India-origin, distribution, characteristics, status and management; Grazing Capacity, Planned grazing systems and impact of grazing on forests, soils and water.
2. Forest Soils, Soil Conservation and Watershed management: Forests Soils: Classification, factors affecting soil formation; physical, chemical and biological properties. Soil Conservation: definition, causes for erosion; types – wind and water erosion; conservation and management of eroded soils/areas, wind breaks, shelter belts; sand dunes; reclamation of saline and alkaline soils, water logged and other waste lands. Role of forests in conserving soils. Maintenance and build up of soil organic matter, provision of lopping for green leaf manuring; forest leaf litter and composting; Role of micro-organisms in ameliorating soils; N and C cycles, VAM. Watershed Management: concept of watershed; role of forests and trees in overall resource management, forest hydrology, watershed development in respect of torrent control, river channel stabilization, avalanche and landslide controls, rehabilitation of environmental functions of forests; water-harvesting and conservation; ground water recharge and watershed management; role of integrating forest trees, horticultural crops, field crops, grass and fodders.
3. Environmental Conservation: Environment: components and importance; principles of conservation; impact of deforestation, forest fires and various human activities like mining, construction and developmental projects, population growth on environment. Pollution: types, global warming, green house effects, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, impact and control measures, environmental monitoring; concept of sustainable development. Role of trees and forests in environmental conservation; control and prevention of air, water and noise pollution. Environmental policy and legislation in India. Environmental Impact Assessment. Economics assessment of watershed development vis-a-vis ecological and environmental protection.
4. Tree improvement and Seed Technology: General concept of tree improvement, methods and techniques, variation and its use, provenance, seed source, exotics; quantitative aspects of forest tree improvement, seed production and seed orchards, progeny tests, use of tree improvement in natural forest and stand improvement, genetic testing programming, selection and breeding for resistance to diseases, insects, and adverse environment; the genetic base, forest genetic resources and gene conservation in situ and ex-situ. Cost benefit ratio, economic evaluation.
PART-II
Section-A
1. Forest Management and Working Plans: Forest Management: objective and principles; techniques, stand structure and dynamics, sustained yields; rotation; normal forest; growing stock and its increment; regulation of yield; forest organization; management of forest plantations, commercial forests, forest cover monitoring. Working Plans: working plans in forestry; objectives and scope; unit of working plan; period of working plan; annual plan of operations; preparation of working plans, format of working plan; control forms, stock maps, compartment histories and plantation journals; evaluation and monitoring tools and approaches for integrated planning; multipurpose development of forest resources and forest industries development.
2. Forest Mensuration and Remote Sensing: Methods of measuring diameter, girth, height and volume of trees; form-factor; volume estimation of stand, current annual increment; mean and annual increment. Sampling methods and sample plots. Yield calculation; yield and stand tables, forest cover monitoring through remote sensing; Geographic Information Systems for management and modelling.
3. Surveying and Forest Engineering: Forest surveying: Fundamental definitions and concepts of surveying; linear measurements; different methods of surveying; levelling and contouring; maps and map reading. Forest Engineering: Basic principles; building materials and construction; roads and bridges; general principles, objects, types, simple design and construction of timber bridges; estimates.
Section – B
1. Forest Ecology, Biodiversity Conservation and Dendrology: Forest Ecology: Biotic and abiotic components, forest eco-systems; forest community concepts; vegetation concepts, ecological succession and climax, primary productivity, nutrient cycling and water relations; physiology in stress environments (drought, water logging salinity and alkalinity). Forest types in India, identification of species, composition and associations; Biodiversity Conservation: definition, levels of study, distribution of diversity in life forms, hotspots of biodiversity. Measurement of diversity; diversity indices. Management of biodiversity; principles of conservation biology; Ex situ and In situ methods of conservation. Genetic and evolutionary principles in conservation; concept of rarity in plants. IUCN classification of rare/endangered plants. Biosphere concept; conservation of forest ecosystems; clonal parks; conservation efforts in India and worldwide. Dendrology: Scope of dendrology, taxonomic classification, importance of tree taxonomy in forestry. Description of the plants in scientific terms, study of spot characteristics of plants. Systematic identification of seeds, seedling, trees, and wood in field; vegetative morphology in identification of woody flora of forests. Floristics and procedures. Herbariums, collection processing and preservation of plant material, arboretums and xylariums.
2. Forest Resources and Utilization: Environmentally sound forest harvesting practices; logging and extraction techniques and principles, transportation system, storage and sale; Non-Timber Forest Products, (NTFPs) definition and scope; gums, resins, oleoresins, fibres, oil seeds nuts, rubber, canes, bamboos, medicinal plants, charcoal, lac and shellac, Katha and Bidi leaves collection; processing and disposal. Needs and importance of wood seasoning and preservation; general principles of seasoning, air and kiln seasoning, solar dehumidification, steam heated and electrical kilns. Composite wood; adhesives; manufacture, properties and uses of plywood, laminated wood, fibreboards, particle boards; importance of composite wood and present status. Pulp-paper and rayon; present position of supply of raw material to industry, wood substitution, utilization of plantation wood; problems and possibilities. Anatomical structure of wood, defects and abnormalities of wood, timber identification – general principles.
3. Forest Protection & wildlife Biology: Injuries to forest: abiotic and biotic, destructive agencies, insect-pests and disease, effects of air pollution on forests and forest die back. Susceptibility of forests to damage, nature of damage, cause, prevention, protective measures and benefits due to chemical and biological control. General forest protect against fire, equipment and methods, controlled use of fire, economic and environmental costs; timber salvage operations after natural disasters. Role of afforestation and forest regeneration in absorption of CO2. Rotational and controlled grazing, different methods of control against grazing and browsing animals; effect of wild animals on forest regeneration, human impacts; encroachment, poaching, grazing, live fencing, theft, shifting cultivation and control.
4. Forest Economics and Legislation: Forest Economics: fundamental principles, cost-benefit analyses; estimation of demand and supply; analysis of trends in the national and international market and changes in production and consumption patterns; assessment and projection of market structures; role of private sector and co-operatives; role of corporate financing. Socio-economic analyses of forest productivity and attitudes; valuation of forest goods and service. Legislation: History of forest development; Indian Forest Policy of 1894, 1952, National Forest Policy 1988; people’s involvement, Joint Forest Management, gender issues in forestry. Forest laws; necessity; general principles. Jammu & Kashmir Forest Act 1930; Forest Conservation Act 1997; Wildlife Protection Act 1978 and their amendments; application of Ranbir Penal Code in forest offence cases.
FORESTRY ANSWER KEYS
1. The variation in wood strength depends on the microfibrillar angle of cellulose located in ___________ layer.
A:-S1
B:-S2
C:-S3
D:-S4
Ans: B
2. The reaction wood of conifers is called
A:-Tension
B:-Static
C:-Compression
D:-None of these
Ans: C
3. First paper mill in India was set up in
A:-1862
B:-1882
C:-1890
D:-1999
Ans: A
4. ______________ is used in the Non Destructive Testing of wood.
A:-Pilodyn
B:-Tree Sonic Timer
C:-Both
D:-None of these
Ans: C
5. The scientific name of Konkan bamboo is ___________
A:-Dendrocalamus stocksii
B:-D. strictus
C:-Bambusa balcooa
D:-B. vulgaris
Ans: A
6. White dammar is obtained from
A:-Vateria indica
B:-Cannarium strictum
C:-Vatica chinensis
D:-Tetona grandis
Ans: A
7. Salai gum is obtained from
A:-Vateria indica
B:-Boswellia serrata
C:-Acacia catechu
D:-Acacia mangium
Ans: B
8. The tree known as Blue gum
A:-Vateria indica
B:-Eucalyptus citriodara
C:-Eucalyptus globulus
D:-Acacia mangium
Ans: C
9. Flowering in bamboos is
A:-Gregarious
B:-Sproradic
C:-Annual
D:-All of these
Ans: D
10. World Forestry Day is on
A:-March 21
B:-June 21
C:-March 31
D:-April 21
Ans: A
11. Hypsometers are used for the measurement of
A:-Diameter
B:-Height
C:-Volume
D:-Density
Ans: B
12. The volume table used for the teak in India
A:-General
B:-MR Nair
C:-Brandis
D:-None of these
Ans: B
13. Quarter girth formula is used to measure the _____ of the timber.
A:-Volume
B:-Taper
C:-Height
D:-Density
Ans: A
14. The height of the bole from the ground level up to the point where average diameter over bark is 20 cm.
A:-Bole Height
B:-Standard Timber Bole
C:-Tree
D:-None of these
Ans: B
15. The Spiegel relaskop developed by ___________ is essentially used for measurement of basal area of crops.
A:-Brandis
B:-Bitterlich
C:-Smith
D:-None of these
Ans: B
16. Huber's formula requires the measurement of ___________ cross-sectional area of a log.
A:-Mid
B:-End
C:-Breast height
D:-All of these
Ans: A
17. The portion of the tree stem or log which is unmerchantable is called
A:-Cull
B:-Waste
C:-Billet
D:-None of these
Ans: A
18. Majority of sample plots in India are rectangular
A:-Elliptical
B:-Square
C:-Circular
D:-Rectangular
Ans: D
19. ____________ resolution in remotely sensed data is defined as the amount of energy required to increase a pixel value by one quantisation level or 'count'.
A:-Anagular
B:-Radiometric
C:-Polygonal
D:-None of these
Ans: B
20. The relationship between the growth rates of two organs of an individual
A:-Allometry
B:-Regression
C:-Correlation
D:-None of these
Ans: A
21. First Inspector General of India forests
A:-Dalhousie
B:-Deitrich Brandis
C:-Bourdillon
D:-None of these
Ans: B
22. Forests were included in the concurrent list under `42^(nd)` Amendment of
A:-1966
B:-1976
C:-1986
D:-1975
Ans: B
23. Stump planting in teak was developed by
A:-Chathu Menon
B:-Cannolly
C:-Bourdillon
D:-None of these
Ans: C
24. Kerala Forest Research Institute is lcoated in
A:-Thrissur
B:-Palakkad
C:-Kozhikkode
D:-Malappuram
Ans: A
25. Taiga forests are also known as
A:-Boreal forests
B:-Cloud forest
C:-Tropical forest
D:-Subtropical forest
Ans: A
26. ______________ are cropland left without crops for periods ranging from one season to several years.
A:-Range Land
B:-Fallows
C:-Both
D:-None
Ans: B
27. Taungya system was introduced into India by
A:-Muller
B:-Brandis
C:-Bentham
D:-None
Ans: B
28. Agroforestry systems where the use of land is directed towards satisfying basic needs and is managed mostly by the owner and his family
A:-Subsistence
B:-Commercial
C:-Intermediate
D:-None
Ans: A
29. An example of mixed sparse stand in Agroforestry is
A:-Homegardens
B:-Trees on farm boundaries
C:-Both
D:-None
Ans: B
30. Key features of Agroforestry design and diagnosis
A:-Flexibility
B:-Repetition
C:-Speed
D:-All of these
Ans: D
31. Vana Mahotsav was started in India on __________ by K.M. Munshy.
A:-1950
B:-1960
C:-1947
D:-1948
Ans: A
32. _____________ are strips of trees and or shrubs planted to protect fields, homes cannels or other areas from wind and blowing soil or sand.
A:-Shelter belt
B:-Wind break
C:-Protein bank
D:-None of these
Ans: B
33. Vegetation can control the effect of winds by
A:-Obstruction
B:-Filtration
C:-Deflection
D:-All of these
Ans: D
34. The term social forestry was coined by
A:-Cannolly
B:-Bordillon
C:-Brandis
D:-Westoby
Ans: D
35. The nitrogen fixation is non-leguminous trees like Casuarina is effected by
A:-Frankia
B:-Rhizobium
C:-Clostridium
D:-Nostoc
Ans: A
A:-S1
B:-S2
C:-S3
D:-S4
Ans: B
2. The reaction wood of conifers is called
A:-Tension
B:-Static
C:-Compression
D:-None of these
Ans: C
3. First paper mill in India was set up in
A:-1862
B:-1882
C:-1890
D:-1999
Ans: A
4. ______________ is used in the Non Destructive Testing of wood.
A:-Pilodyn
B:-Tree Sonic Timer
C:-Both
D:-None of these
Ans: C
5. The scientific name of Konkan bamboo is ___________
A:-Dendrocalamus stocksii
B:-D. strictus
C:-Bambusa balcooa
D:-B. vulgaris
Ans: A
6. White dammar is obtained from
A:-Vateria indica
B:-Cannarium strictum
C:-Vatica chinensis
D:-Tetona grandis
Ans: A
7. Salai gum is obtained from
A:-Vateria indica
B:-Boswellia serrata
C:-Acacia catechu
D:-Acacia mangium
Ans: B
8. The tree known as Blue gum
A:-Vateria indica
B:-Eucalyptus citriodara
C:-Eucalyptus globulus
D:-Acacia mangium
Ans: C
9. Flowering in bamboos is
A:-Gregarious
B:-Sproradic
C:-Annual
D:-All of these
Ans: D
10. World Forestry Day is on
A:-March 21
B:-June 21
C:-March 31
D:-April 21
Ans: A
11. Hypsometers are used for the measurement of
A:-Diameter
B:-Height
C:-Volume
D:-Density
Ans: B
12. The volume table used for the teak in India
A:-General
B:-MR Nair
C:-Brandis
D:-None of these
Ans: B
13. Quarter girth formula is used to measure the _____ of the timber.
A:-Volume
B:-Taper
C:-Height
D:-Density
Ans: A
14. The height of the bole from the ground level up to the point where average diameter over bark is 20 cm.
A:-Bole Height
B:-Standard Timber Bole
C:-Tree
D:-None of these
Ans: B
15. The Spiegel relaskop developed by ___________ is essentially used for measurement of basal area of crops.
A:-Brandis
B:-Bitterlich
C:-Smith
D:-None of these
Ans: B
16. Huber's formula requires the measurement of ___________ cross-sectional area of a log.
A:-Mid
B:-End
C:-Breast height
D:-All of these
Ans: A
17. The portion of the tree stem or log which is unmerchantable is called
A:-Cull
B:-Waste
C:-Billet
D:-None of these
Ans: A
18. Majority of sample plots in India are rectangular
A:-Elliptical
B:-Square
C:-Circular
D:-Rectangular
Ans: D
19. ____________ resolution in remotely sensed data is defined as the amount of energy required to increase a pixel value by one quantisation level or 'count'.
A:-Anagular
B:-Radiometric
C:-Polygonal
D:-None of these
Ans: B
20. The relationship between the growth rates of two organs of an individual
A:-Allometry
B:-Regression
C:-Correlation
D:-None of these
Ans: A
21. First Inspector General of India forests
A:-Dalhousie
B:-Deitrich Brandis
C:-Bourdillon
D:-None of these
Ans: B
22. Forests were included in the concurrent list under `42^(nd)` Amendment of
A:-1966
B:-1976
C:-1986
D:-1975
Ans: B
23. Stump planting in teak was developed by
A:-Chathu Menon
B:-Cannolly
C:-Bourdillon
D:-None of these
Ans: C
24. Kerala Forest Research Institute is lcoated in
A:-Thrissur
B:-Palakkad
C:-Kozhikkode
D:-Malappuram
Ans: A
25. Taiga forests are also known as
A:-Boreal forests
B:-Cloud forest
C:-Tropical forest
D:-Subtropical forest
Ans: A
26. ______________ are cropland left without crops for periods ranging from one season to several years.
A:-Range Land
B:-Fallows
C:-Both
D:-None
Ans: B
27. Taungya system was introduced into India by
A:-Muller
B:-Brandis
C:-Bentham
D:-None
Ans: B
28. Agroforestry systems where the use of land is directed towards satisfying basic needs and is managed mostly by the owner and his family
A:-Subsistence
B:-Commercial
C:-Intermediate
D:-None
Ans: A
29. An example of mixed sparse stand in Agroforestry is
A:-Homegardens
B:-Trees on farm boundaries
C:-Both
D:-None
Ans: B
30. Key features of Agroforestry design and diagnosis
A:-Flexibility
B:-Repetition
C:-Speed
D:-All of these
Ans: D
31. Vana Mahotsav was started in India on __________ by K.M. Munshy.
A:-1950
B:-1960
C:-1947
D:-1948
Ans: A
32. _____________ are strips of trees and or shrubs planted to protect fields, homes cannels or other areas from wind and blowing soil or sand.
A:-Shelter belt
B:-Wind break
C:-Protein bank
D:-None of these
Ans: B
33. Vegetation can control the effect of winds by
A:-Obstruction
B:-Filtration
C:-Deflection
D:-All of these
Ans: D
34. The term social forestry was coined by
A:-Cannolly
B:-Bordillon
C:-Brandis
D:-Westoby
Ans: D
35. The nitrogen fixation is non-leguminous trees like Casuarina is effected by
A:-Frankia
B:-Rhizobium
C:-Clostridium
D:-Nostoc
Ans: A
36. Alley cropping is also called
A:-Homegardens
B:-Hedge row intercropping
C:-Both
D:-None
Ans: B
37. The BCR should be greater than ____________ at agroforestry, then only it can be considered worthy.
A:-0
B:-1
C:-0.5
D:-0.75
Ans: B
38. Homegardens can also be called as
A:-Sparse system
B:-Multitier system
C:-Both
D:-None of these
Ans: B
39. ____________ forestry which is defined as the practice of forestry with the object of developing or maintaining a forest of high scenic value.
A:-Aesthetic
B:-Farm forestry
C:-Urban forestry
D:-None of these
Ans: A
40. _____________ is used to produce the knot free timber.
A:-Thinning
B:-Cleaning
C:-Pruning
D:-Weeding
Ans: C
41. The concept that the trees in agroforestry systems are capable of recycling soil nutrients that leach down the crop rooting zone is called ______________ hypothesis.
A:-Safety net
B:-Adsorption
C:-Absorption
D:-None
Ans: A
42. The sal (Shorea robusta) wood borer is
A:-Hyblae purea
B:-Hoplocerambys spinicornis
C:-Eutectona macharalis
D:-Attiva fabricella
Ans: B
43. Teak leaf skeltoniser is
A:-Hyblae purea
B:-Ganodrama lucidum
C:-Eutectona macharalis
D:-Attiva fabricella
Ans: C
44. Die back of seedlings is common in
A:-Teak
B:-Gmelina
C:-Ailanthus
D:-Sal
Ans: D
45. The scientific name of Kail is
A:-Pinus wallichiana
B:-P. Kessia
C:-Cedrus deodara
D:-None
Ans: A
46. ____________ frost is defined as a frost produced by cold air brought from elsewhere.
A:-Convective
B:-Pool
C:-Perma
D:-Advective
Ans: D
47. ______________ is defined as a year 'in which a given species produces abundant first year seedlings'.
A:-Seed year
B:-Seedling year
C:-Germination energy
D:-Germination
Ans: B
48. ________ is the coppice arising from the stool or a living stump.
A:-Seedling
B:-Seed
C:-Stool
D:-Graft
Ans: C
49. ___________ is defined as 'the time that elapses between successive main fellings on the same area'.
A:-Felling cycle
B:-Rotation
C:-Periodic block
D:-None of these
Ans: A
50. ____________ is an example of solid bamboo.
A:-Dendrocalamus strictus
B:-Bambusa balcooa
C:-D. Giganteus
D:-None
Ans: A
51. Soil ____________ is define as the arrangement of individual soil particles into aggregates of definite size and shape.
A:-Texture
B:-Structure
C:-Porosity
D:-None
Ans: B
52. Alternate wetting and drying is the most common seed pretreament
A:-Teak
B:-Acacia
C:-Casuarina
D:-Rosewood
Ans: A
53. The International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was started in the year
A:-1824
B:-1880
C:-1924
D:-1930
Ans: C
54. Foundation seed tag colour is
A:-White
B:-Blue
C:-Green
D:-Purple
Ans: A
55. The percent, by number, of seeds in a given sample which germinate up to the time of peak germination, is called
A:-Germination percent
B:-Germination period
C:-Germination energy
D:-All of these
Ans: C
56. In Tetrazolium test, living cells are stained red by the reduction of a colourless tetrazolium salt to form a _______ formazan.
A:-Red
B:-Yelllow
C:-Pale yellow
D:-White
Ans: A
57. Germination in which the cotyledons remain in the seed below the ground while the epicotyl elongates
A:-Epigeal
B:-Hypogeal
C:-Open
D:-None of these
Ans: B
58. The seed that cannot be dried to lower moisture content and kept at low temperature is called
A:-Orthodox
B:-Sub orthodox
C:-Recalcitrant
D:-Quiescent
Ans: C
59. In Coniferous species ____________ soil is good for nursery raising.
A:-Acidic
B:-Basic
C:-Neutral
D:-None of these
Ans: A
60. Example of nursery managed without any irrigation is
A:-Wet nursery
B:-Rab nursery
C:-Permanent nursery
D:-None of these
Ans: B
61. ___________ involves covering moist soil with a transparent plastic film and exposing it to the sun.
A:-Culling
B:-Top dressing
C:-Repellents
D:-Solarisation
Ans: D
62. Planting time of teak for the stump production is
A:-April-May
B:-June-July
C:-October-November
D:-December-January
Ans: A
63. Commonly used nitrogen fertilizer in the nursery
A:-DAP
B:-MAP
C:-Urea
D:-None of these
Ans: C
64. Teak defoliator can be effectively controlled by
A:-Bavistin
B:-Basic
C:-NPV
D:-None of these
Ans: C
65. Felling done in an immature stand without permanently breaking the canopy is called
A:-Thinning
B:-Final felling
C:-Cleaning
D:-None of these
Ans: A
66. __________ are used to produce plants with fibrous root system without root coiling.
A:-Polythene bags
B:-Polysleives
C:-Jiffy pots
D:-Root trainer
Ans: D
67. Working plans are normally prepared for a period of 10 years
A:-20
B:-5
C:-10
D:-15
Ans: C
68. The concept of ___________ yield envisages raising the productivity of soil, and of the crop, by silvicultural treatments, judicious tending, enrichment of the forest by changing the corp composition and by replacement of the original inferior forest by valuable forest species.
A:-Sustained yield
B:-Progressive yield
C:-Normal yield
D:-None of these
Ans: B
69. __________ are used for root induction in cuttings.
A:-Auxin
B:-Cytokinin
C:-GA 31
D:-ABA
Ans: A
70. Wildlife Protection Act was enacted in the country in the year
A:-1987
B:-1990
C:-1972
D:-1951
Ans: C
71. World Environment Day is celebrated on
A:-June 5
B:-January 25
C:-March 21
D:-March 22
Ans: A
72. The first community reserve of Kerala
A:-Peppara
B:-Neyyar
C:-Chimmini
D:-Kadalundi-Vallikunnu
Ans: D
73. Corbet National Park is situated in
A:-Madhya Pradesh
B:-Tamil Nadu
C:-West Bengal
D:-Uttarakhand
Ans: D
74. The concept of carbon trading was first envisaged as part of
A:-CDM
B:-REDD
C:-REDD+
D:-None of these
Ans: A
75. The headquarters of World Agroforestry Center is located at
A:-Kenya
B:-USA
C:-New Delhi
D:-Chennai
Ans: A
76. Arid Forest Research Institute is located at
A:-Uttarakhand
B:-Chennai
C:-Orissa
D:-Jodhpur
Ans: D
77. Pollination by wind is called
A:-Anemophily
B:-Zoophily
C:-Ornithophily
D:-None of these
Ans: A
78. Double helical model of DNA was suggested by Watson and Crick
A:-Gregor Mendel
B:-Sutton and Bovary
C:-Both 1 and 2
D:-Watson and Crick
Ans: D
79. A monosomic is an individual that lacks one chromosome of the normal complement of somatic cells
A:-Monosomic
B:-Monosully
C:-Monomeres
D:-None of these
Ans: A
80. A tree that has been shown by progeny testing to produce superior offsprings
A:-Elite tree
B:-Candidate tree
C:-Comparison tree
D:-None of these
Ans: A
A:-Homegardens
B:-Hedge row intercropping
C:-Both
D:-None
Ans: B
37. The BCR should be greater than ____________ at agroforestry, then only it can be considered worthy.
A:-0
B:-1
C:-0.5
D:-0.75
Ans: B
38. Homegardens can also be called as
A:-Sparse system
B:-Multitier system
C:-Both
D:-None of these
Ans: B
39. ____________ forestry which is defined as the practice of forestry with the object of developing or maintaining a forest of high scenic value.
A:-Aesthetic
B:-Farm forestry
C:-Urban forestry
D:-None of these
Ans: A
40. _____________ is used to produce the knot free timber.
A:-Thinning
B:-Cleaning
C:-Pruning
D:-Weeding
Ans: C
41. The concept that the trees in agroforestry systems are capable of recycling soil nutrients that leach down the crop rooting zone is called ______________ hypothesis.
A:-Safety net
B:-Adsorption
C:-Absorption
D:-None
Ans: A
42. The sal (Shorea robusta) wood borer is
A:-Hyblae purea
B:-Hoplocerambys spinicornis
C:-Eutectona macharalis
D:-Attiva fabricella
Ans: B
43. Teak leaf skeltoniser is
A:-Hyblae purea
B:-Ganodrama lucidum
C:-Eutectona macharalis
D:-Attiva fabricella
Ans: C
44. Die back of seedlings is common in
A:-Teak
B:-Gmelina
C:-Ailanthus
D:-Sal
Ans: D
45. The scientific name of Kail is
A:-Pinus wallichiana
B:-P. Kessia
C:-Cedrus deodara
D:-None
Ans: A
46. ____________ frost is defined as a frost produced by cold air brought from elsewhere.
A:-Convective
B:-Pool
C:-Perma
D:-Advective
Ans: D
47. ______________ is defined as a year 'in which a given species produces abundant first year seedlings'.
A:-Seed year
B:-Seedling year
C:-Germination energy
D:-Germination
Ans: B
48. ________ is the coppice arising from the stool or a living stump.
A:-Seedling
B:-Seed
C:-Stool
D:-Graft
Ans: C
49. ___________ is defined as 'the time that elapses between successive main fellings on the same area'.
A:-Felling cycle
B:-Rotation
C:-Periodic block
D:-None of these
Ans: A
50. ____________ is an example of solid bamboo.
A:-Dendrocalamus strictus
B:-Bambusa balcooa
C:-D. Giganteus
D:-None
Ans: A
51. Soil ____________ is define as the arrangement of individual soil particles into aggregates of definite size and shape.
A:-Texture
B:-Structure
C:-Porosity
D:-None
Ans: B
52. Alternate wetting and drying is the most common seed pretreament
A:-Teak
B:-Acacia
C:-Casuarina
D:-Rosewood
Ans: A
53. The International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was started in the year
A:-1824
B:-1880
C:-1924
D:-1930
Ans: C
54. Foundation seed tag colour is
A:-White
B:-Blue
C:-Green
D:-Purple
Ans: A
55. The percent, by number, of seeds in a given sample which germinate up to the time of peak germination, is called
A:-Germination percent
B:-Germination period
C:-Germination energy
D:-All of these
Ans: C
56. In Tetrazolium test, living cells are stained red by the reduction of a colourless tetrazolium salt to form a _______ formazan.
A:-Red
B:-Yelllow
C:-Pale yellow
D:-White
Ans: A
57. Germination in which the cotyledons remain in the seed below the ground while the epicotyl elongates
A:-Epigeal
B:-Hypogeal
C:-Open
D:-None of these
Ans: B
58. The seed that cannot be dried to lower moisture content and kept at low temperature is called
A:-Orthodox
B:-Sub orthodox
C:-Recalcitrant
D:-Quiescent
Ans: C
59. In Coniferous species ____________ soil is good for nursery raising.
A:-Acidic
B:-Basic
C:-Neutral
D:-None of these
Ans: A
60. Example of nursery managed without any irrigation is
A:-Wet nursery
B:-Rab nursery
C:-Permanent nursery
D:-None of these
Ans: B
61. ___________ involves covering moist soil with a transparent plastic film and exposing it to the sun.
A:-Culling
B:-Top dressing
C:-Repellents
D:-Solarisation
Ans: D
62. Planting time of teak for the stump production is
A:-April-May
B:-June-July
C:-October-November
D:-December-January
Ans: A
63. Commonly used nitrogen fertilizer in the nursery
A:-DAP
B:-MAP
C:-Urea
D:-None of these
Ans: C
64. Teak defoliator can be effectively controlled by
A:-Bavistin
B:-Basic
C:-NPV
D:-None of these
Ans: C
65. Felling done in an immature stand without permanently breaking the canopy is called
A:-Thinning
B:-Final felling
C:-Cleaning
D:-None of these
Ans: A
66. __________ are used to produce plants with fibrous root system without root coiling.
A:-Polythene bags
B:-Polysleives
C:-Jiffy pots
D:-Root trainer
Ans: D
67. Working plans are normally prepared for a period of 10 years
A:-20
B:-5
C:-10
D:-15
Ans: C
68. The concept of ___________ yield envisages raising the productivity of soil, and of the crop, by silvicultural treatments, judicious tending, enrichment of the forest by changing the corp composition and by replacement of the original inferior forest by valuable forest species.
A:-Sustained yield
B:-Progressive yield
C:-Normal yield
D:-None of these
Ans: B
69. __________ are used for root induction in cuttings.
A:-Auxin
B:-Cytokinin
C:-GA 31
D:-ABA
Ans: A
70. Wildlife Protection Act was enacted in the country in the year
A:-1987
B:-1990
C:-1972
D:-1951
Ans: C
71. World Environment Day is celebrated on
A:-June 5
B:-January 25
C:-March 21
D:-March 22
Ans: A
72. The first community reserve of Kerala
A:-Peppara
B:-Neyyar
C:-Chimmini
D:-Kadalundi-Vallikunnu
Ans: D
73. Corbet National Park is situated in
A:-Madhya Pradesh
B:-Tamil Nadu
C:-West Bengal
D:-Uttarakhand
Ans: D
74. The concept of carbon trading was first envisaged as part of
A:-CDM
B:-REDD
C:-REDD+
D:-None of these
Ans: A
75. The headquarters of World Agroforestry Center is located at
A:-Kenya
B:-USA
C:-New Delhi
D:-Chennai
Ans: A
76. Arid Forest Research Institute is located at
A:-Uttarakhand
B:-Chennai
C:-Orissa
D:-Jodhpur
Ans: D
77. Pollination by wind is called
A:-Anemophily
B:-Zoophily
C:-Ornithophily
D:-None of these
Ans: A
78. Double helical model of DNA was suggested by Watson and Crick
A:-Gregor Mendel
B:-Sutton and Bovary
C:-Both 1 and 2
D:-Watson and Crick
Ans: D
79. A monosomic is an individual that lacks one chromosome of the normal complement of somatic cells
A:-Monosomic
B:-Monosully
C:-Monomeres
D:-None of these
Ans: A
80. A tree that has been shown by progeny testing to produce superior offsprings
A:-Elite tree
B:-Candidate tree
C:-Comparison tree
D:-None of these
Ans: A
81:-During the 1980's global deforestation accounted for about _______ of C emission.
A:-5.5 Pg C per year
B:-7.4 Pg C per year
C:-26 Pg C per year
D:-1.6 Pg C per year
Ans: D
82:-What is advance thinning ? A thinning operation
A:-in which attention is concentrated on evenly spaced selected stems
B:-that removes inferior individuals
C:-that removes trees n alternate rows following some rule of thumb
D:-done in a regular crop in anticipation of suppression
Ans: D
83:-Climber yielding strong fibre is
A:-Hardwickia binata
B:-Bauhenia vahlii
C:-Quisqualis indica
D:-Ficus bengalensis
Ans: B
84:-Advance thinning is a thinning operation
A:-in which attention is concentrated on evenly spaced selected stems
B:-that removes inferior individuals
C:-that removes trees and alternate rows following some rule of thumb
D:-done in a regular crop in anticipation of suppression
Ans: D
85:-Water blister of teak is a
A:-Physiological disorder
B:-Mycoplasma disease
C:-Growth pattern influenced by climate
D:-Viral disease
Ans: A
86:-The potential limitation to intensive agroforestry in the humid tropics is
A:-PAR availability
B:-Moisture availability
C:-Heavy nutrient demand
D:-Crop density
Ans: A
87:-Luecaena psyllid is
A:-Hoplocerambyx spinicornis
B:-Eligma narcissus
C:-Hyblaea peura
D:-Hipsipyla robusta
Ans: D
88:-__________ is a tree species extensively used for border planting in the coastal tracts of central Kerala.
A:-Ailanthus triphysa
B:-Vatica chinensis
C:-Thespesia populnea
D:-Casuarina equisetifolia
Ans: B
89:-Pink disease in Eucalyptus is caused by
A:-Corticium salmonicolor
B:-Rhizopogon nigrescens
C:-Rhizotonia solani
D:-Phytophthora palmivora
Ans: A
90:-Primary classification of silvicultural system is based on
A:-Mode of regeneration
B:-Pattern of felling
C:-Locality factors
D:-Species composition
Ans: A
91:-Sal borer is
A:-Hoplocerambyx spinicornis
B:-Eligma narcissus
C:-Hyblaea peura
D:-Hipsipyla robusta
Ans: A
92:-The number of 25-cm (quadratic mean diameter at breast height) trees per hectare in a stand is
A:-Importance value index
B:-Reineke's stand density index
C:-Crown competition factor
D:-Wilson's percent of height
Ans: B
93:-The forgone value of the next best alternative that is not chosen or the true sacrifice incurred by the choice of a given action
A:-Real rate of interest
B:-Opportunity cost
C:-Shadow price
D:-Net present value
Ans: B
94:-Standard basal media formulations commonly used in Plant Tissue Culture
A:-Murashige and Skoog
B:-Mannitol salt agar
C:-Potato dextrose agar
D:-Agarose gel media
Ans: A
95:-Species highly suitable for afforestation in laterite soil is
A:-Acacia auriculiformis
B:-Tamarix articulata
C:-Acacia nilotica
D:-Populus deltoids
Ans: A
96:-What is podzolisation ?
A:-A soil forming process by which igneous rocks, usually of basic composition weather in tropica climates
B:-A soil forming process of cool, humid climates in which leaching by organic acids remove bases and translocate sesquioxides from A horizon
C:-Disintegration of rocks chemically under the influence of water containing dissolved `CO_(2)`
D:-Physical disintegration of rocks resulting in exposure of internal surfaces
Ans: B
97:-Nitrogen fixing ability of Casuarina is attributable to
A:-Azotobacter
B:-Frankia
C:-Rhizobium
D:-Azospirillum
Ans: B
98:-Marginal cost is
A:-Cost of total output produced
B:-Cost of acquiring an additional unit of input
C:-Cost of producing an additional unit of output
D:-Average cost of output
Ans: C
99:-Free-Air `CO_(2)` Enrichment (FACE) offers a mechanism for
A:-regulating C emissions under the Kyoto Protocol
B:-protecting global biodiversity under CBD
C:-evaluating the effects of enriched atmospheric CO2 on ecosystem processes
D:-predicting climate change with coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (A-O GCM)
Ans: C
100:-The Forest Conservation Act was constituted in the year
A:-1970
B:-1975
C:-1980
D:-1985
Ans: C
A:-5.5 Pg C per year
B:-7.4 Pg C per year
C:-26 Pg C per year
D:-1.6 Pg C per year
Ans: D
82:-What is advance thinning ? A thinning operation
A:-in which attention is concentrated on evenly spaced selected stems
B:-that removes inferior individuals
C:-that removes trees n alternate rows following some rule of thumb
D:-done in a regular crop in anticipation of suppression
Ans: D
83:-Climber yielding strong fibre is
A:-Hardwickia binata
B:-Bauhenia vahlii
C:-Quisqualis indica
D:-Ficus bengalensis
Ans: B
84:-Advance thinning is a thinning operation
A:-in which attention is concentrated on evenly spaced selected stems
B:-that removes inferior individuals
C:-that removes trees and alternate rows following some rule of thumb
D:-done in a regular crop in anticipation of suppression
Ans: D
85:-Water blister of teak is a
A:-Physiological disorder
B:-Mycoplasma disease
C:-Growth pattern influenced by climate
D:-Viral disease
Ans: A
86:-The potential limitation to intensive agroforestry in the humid tropics is
A:-PAR availability
B:-Moisture availability
C:-Heavy nutrient demand
D:-Crop density
Ans: A
87:-Luecaena psyllid is
A:-Hoplocerambyx spinicornis
B:-Eligma narcissus
C:-Hyblaea peura
D:-Hipsipyla robusta
Ans: D
88:-__________ is a tree species extensively used for border planting in the coastal tracts of central Kerala.
A:-Ailanthus triphysa
B:-Vatica chinensis
C:-Thespesia populnea
D:-Casuarina equisetifolia
Ans: B
89:-Pink disease in Eucalyptus is caused by
A:-Corticium salmonicolor
B:-Rhizopogon nigrescens
C:-Rhizotonia solani
D:-Phytophthora palmivora
Ans: A
90:-Primary classification of silvicultural system is based on
A:-Mode of regeneration
B:-Pattern of felling
C:-Locality factors
D:-Species composition
Ans: A
91:-Sal borer is
A:-Hoplocerambyx spinicornis
B:-Eligma narcissus
C:-Hyblaea peura
D:-Hipsipyla robusta
Ans: A
92:-The number of 25-cm (quadratic mean diameter at breast height) trees per hectare in a stand is
A:-Importance value index
B:-Reineke's stand density index
C:-Crown competition factor
D:-Wilson's percent of height
Ans: B
93:-The forgone value of the next best alternative that is not chosen or the true sacrifice incurred by the choice of a given action
A:-Real rate of interest
B:-Opportunity cost
C:-Shadow price
D:-Net present value
Ans: B
94:-Standard basal media formulations commonly used in Plant Tissue Culture
A:-Murashige and Skoog
B:-Mannitol salt agar
C:-Potato dextrose agar
D:-Agarose gel media
Ans: A
95:-Species highly suitable for afforestation in laterite soil is
A:-Acacia auriculiformis
B:-Tamarix articulata
C:-Acacia nilotica
D:-Populus deltoids
Ans: A
96:-What is podzolisation ?
A:-A soil forming process by which igneous rocks, usually of basic composition weather in tropica climates
B:-A soil forming process of cool, humid climates in which leaching by organic acids remove bases and translocate sesquioxides from A horizon
C:-Disintegration of rocks chemically under the influence of water containing dissolved `CO_(2)`
D:-Physical disintegration of rocks resulting in exposure of internal surfaces
Ans: B
97:-Nitrogen fixing ability of Casuarina is attributable to
A:-Azotobacter
B:-Frankia
C:-Rhizobium
D:-Azospirillum
Ans: B
98:-Marginal cost is
A:-Cost of total output produced
B:-Cost of acquiring an additional unit of input
C:-Cost of producing an additional unit of output
D:-Average cost of output
Ans: C
99:-Free-Air `CO_(2)` Enrichment (FACE) offers a mechanism for
A:-regulating C emissions under the Kyoto Protocol
B:-protecting global biodiversity under CBD
C:-evaluating the effects of enriched atmospheric CO2 on ecosystem processes
D:-predicting climate change with coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (A-O GCM)
Ans: C
100:-The Forest Conservation Act was constituted in the year
A:-1970
B:-1975
C:-1980
D:-1985
Ans: C