ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE SYLLABUS
(These syllabus may change from time to time. Please check with the relevant Public Service Commission websites for any changes in the syllabus)
Paper II & Paper III (Part A & Part B) Syllabus
Unit – I
Definition, principles and scope of Environmental Science.
Earth, Man and Environment. Ecosystems, Pathways in Ecosystems.
Physico-chemical and Biological factors in the Environment.
Geographical classification and zones.
Structure and composition of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Mass and Energy transfer across the various interfaces, material balance. First and Second law of thermodynamics, heat transfer processes. Scale of Meteorology, pressure, temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation and wind. Atmospheric stability, inversions and mixing heights, windroses.
Natural resources, conservation and sustainable development.
Unit – II
Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry : Stochiometry, Gibb’s energy, Chemical potential, chemical equilibria, acid base reactions, solubility product, solubility of gases in water, the carbonate system, unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons, radionuclides.
Chemical composition of Air: Classification of elements, chemical speciation. Particles, ions and radicals in the atmosphere. Chemical processes for formation of inorganic and organic particulate matter. Thermochemical and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. Oxygen and ozone chemistry, Chemistry of air pollutants, Photochemical smog.
Water Chemistry: Chemistry of water, concept of DO, BOD, COD, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, Redox potential.
Soil Chemistry: Inorganic and organic components of soil, Nitrogen pathways and NPK in soils.
Toxic Chemicals in the environment – Air, Water : Pesticides in water. Biochemical aspects of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, Carbon Monoxide, Os and PAN Pesticides, Insecticides, MIC, carcinogens in the air.
Principles of Analytical Methods: Titrimetry, Gravimetry, Colourimetry, Spectrophotometry, Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, GLC, HPLC, Electrophoresis. X – ray fluorescence, X – ray diffraction, Flame photometry.
Unit – III
Definition, Principles and scope of ecology, Human ecology and Human settlement, Evolution, Origin of life and speciation.
Ecosystems:
Structure and functions, Abiotic and Biotic components, energy flows, Food chains, Food web, Ecological pyramids, types and diversity.
Ecological Succession, Population, Community ecology and Parasitism, Prey – predator relationships.
Common flora and fauna in India:
Aquatic: Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and Macrophytes.
Terrestrial: Forests
Endangered and Threatened Species:
Biodiversity and its conservation: Definition, ‘Hotspot’s of Biodiversity, Strategies for Biodiversity conservation. National Parks and Sanctuaries. Gene pool.
Microflora of Atmosphere: Air Sampling techniques. Identification of aeroallergens. Air – borne diseases and allergies.
Environmental Biotechnology: Fermentation Technology, Vermiculture technology, Biofertilizer technology.
Unit – IV
Environmental Geosciences: Fundamental concepts.
The earth systems and Biosphere: Conservation of matter in various geospheres – lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Energy budget of the earth. Earth’s thermal environment and seasons. Ecosystems flow of energy and matter. Coexistence in communities-food webs., Earths’major ecosystems terrestrial and aquatic. General relationship between landscape, biomes and climate. Climates of India, Indian Monsoon, El Nino, Droughts. Tropical cyclones and Western Disturbances.
Earth’s Processes and Geological Hazards: Earths processes; concept of residence, time and rates of natural cycles. Catastrophic geological hazards. Study of floods, landslides, earthquakes, volcanism and avalanche. Prediction and perception of the hazards and adjustments to hazardous activities.
Mineral Resources and Environment: Resources and Reserves, Minerals.and Population. Oceans as new areas for exploration of mineral resources. Ocean ore and recycling of resources. Environmental impact of exploitation, processing and smelting of minerals.
Water Resources and Environment: Global Water Balance. Ice sheets and fluctuations of sea levels. Origin and composition of seawater. Hydpological cycle. Factors influencing the surface water. Types of water. Resources of oceans. Ocean pollution by toxic wastes. Human use of surface and groundwaters. Groundwater pollution.
Landuse Planning: The landuse plan. Soil surveys in relation to landuse planning. Methods of site selection and evaluation.
Environmental Geochemistry: Concept of major, trace and REE. Classification of trace elements, Mobility of trace elements, Geochemical cycles. Biogeochemica! factors in environmental health. Human use, trace elements and health. Possible effects of imbalance of some trace elements. Diseases induced by human use of land
Principles of Remote sensing and its application of Environmental Sciences. Application of GIS in Environmental Management.
Unit – V
Sun as source of energy; solar radiation and its spectral characteristics; Fossil fuels-classification, composition, physico – chemical characteristics and energy content of coal, petroleum and natural gas. Principles of generation of hydroelectric power, tidal, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, wind, geothermal energy; solar collectors, photovoltaics, solar ponds; nuclear energy – fission and fusion; magnetohydrodynamic power, bio-energy-energy from biomass and biogas, anaerobic digestion; energy use pattern in different parts of the world.
Environmental implication of energy use; C02 emissions, global warming; air and thermal pollution; radioactive waste and radioactivity from nuclear reactors; impacts of large-scale exploitation of Solar, Wind, Hydro and Ocean energy.
Unit – VI
Air: Natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution. Primary and Secondary pollutants. Transport and diffusion of pollutants. Gas laws governing the behaviour of pollutants in the atmosphere. Methods of monitoring and control of air pollution SOz, NOx, CO, SPM. Effects of pollutants on human beings, plants, animals, materials and on climate. Acid Rain. Air Quality Standards.
Water: Types, sources and consequences of water pollution. Physico – chemical and Bacteriological sampling and analysis of water quality. Standards, sewage and waste water treatment and recycling. Water quality standard.
Soil: Physico – chemical as bacteriological sampling as analysis of soil quality. Soil Pollution Control. Industrial waste effluents and heavy metals, their interactions with soil components. Soil micro – organisms and their functions, degradation of different insecticides, fungicides and weedicides in soil. Different kinds of synthetic fertilizers ( NP & K ) and their interactions with different components of soil.
Noise: Sources of noise pollution, measurement of noise and Indices, effect of meteorological parameters on noise propagation. Noise exposure levels and standards. Noise control and abatement measures. Impact of noise on human health.
Marine : Sources of marine pollution and control. Criteria employed for disposal of pollutants in marine system-coastal management.
Radioactive and Thermal Pollution.
Unit – VII
Introduction to environmental impact analysis.
Environmental impact Statement and Environmental Management Plan.
EIA guidelines 1994, Notification of Government of India.
Impact Assessment Methodologies.
Generalized approach to impact analysis.
Procedure for reviewing Environmental impact analysis and statement. Guidelines for Environmental audit.
Introduction to Environmental planning.
Base line information and predictions (land, water, atmosphere, energy, etc.).
Restoration and rehabilitation technologies.
Landuse policy for India.
Urban planning for India.
Rural planning and landuse pattern.
Concept and strategies of sustainable development.
Cost-Benefit analysis.
Environmental priorities in India and sustainable development.
Unit – VIII
Sources and generation of solid wastes, their characterization, chemical composition and classification. Different methods of disposal and management of solid wastes (Hospital Wastes and Hazardous Wastes) Recycling of waste material. Waste minimization technologies.
Hazardous Wastes Management and Handling Rules, 1989, Resource Management, Disaster Management and Risk analysis.
Environment protection-issues and problems, International and National efforts for Environment Protection, Provision of Constitution of India regarding Environment (Article 48A and 58A).
Environmental Policy Resolution, Legislation, Public Policy Strategies in Pollution Control, Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 amended 1991, Forest Conservation Act, 1980, Indian Forests Act ( Revised ) 1982, Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act, 1981 as amended by Amendment Act, 1987 and Rule 1982, Motor Vehicle Act, 1988, The Water ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act, 1974 as amended up to 1988 and Rules 1975, The Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986 and Rules 1986.
Scheme of labelling of environmentally friendly products (Ecomark), Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 and Rules 1991.
Unit – IX
Basic elements and tools of statistical analysis; Probability, sampling, measurement and distribution of attributes; Distribution-Normal, t and x* Poisson and Binomial; Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic means; moments; matrices, simultaneous linear equations; tests of hypothesis and significance.
Introduction to environmental system analysis; Approaches to development of models; linear simple and multiple regression models, validation and forecasting. Models of population growth and interactions – Lotka – Volterra model, Leslie’s matrix model, point source stream pollution model, box model, Gaussian plume model.
Unit – X
Environmental Education and Awareness. Environmental Ethics and Global imperatives.
Global Environmental problems-ozone depletion, global warming and climatic change.
Current Environmental issue in India.
Context : Narmada Dam, Tehri Dam, Almetti Dam, Soil Erosion, Formation and reclamation of Usar, Alkaline and Saline Soil.
Waste lands and their reclamation.
Desertification and its control.
Vehicular pollution and urban air quality.
Depletion of Nature resources.
Biodiversity conservation and Agenda – 21.
Waste disposal, recycling and power generation, Fly ash utilization. Water Crises-Conservation of water. Environmental Hazards.
Eutrophication and restoration of Indian lakes. Rain water harvesting. Wet lands conservation.
Paper II & Paper III (Part A & Part B) Syllabus
Unit – I
Definition, principles and scope of Environmental Science.
Earth, Man and Environment. Ecosystems, Pathways in Ecosystems.
Physico-chemical and Biological factors in the Environment.
Geographical classification and zones.
Structure and composition of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Mass and Energy transfer across the various interfaces, material balance. First and Second law of thermodynamics, heat transfer processes. Scale of Meteorology, pressure, temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation and wind. Atmospheric stability, inversions and mixing heights, windroses.
Natural resources, conservation and sustainable development.
Unit – II
Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry : Stochiometry, Gibb’s energy, Chemical potential, chemical equilibria, acid base reactions, solubility product, solubility of gases in water, the carbonate system, unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons, radionuclides.
Chemical composition of Air: Classification of elements, chemical speciation. Particles, ions and radicals in the atmosphere. Chemical processes for formation of inorganic and organic particulate matter. Thermochemical and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. Oxygen and ozone chemistry, Chemistry of air pollutants, Photochemical smog.
Water Chemistry: Chemistry of water, concept of DO, BOD, COD, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, Redox potential.
Soil Chemistry: Inorganic and organic components of soil, Nitrogen pathways and NPK in soils.
Toxic Chemicals in the environment – Air, Water : Pesticides in water. Biochemical aspects of Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, Carbon Monoxide, Os and PAN Pesticides, Insecticides, MIC, carcinogens in the air.
Principles of Analytical Methods: Titrimetry, Gravimetry, Colourimetry, Spectrophotometry, Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, GLC, HPLC, Electrophoresis. X – ray fluorescence, X – ray diffraction, Flame photometry.
Unit – III
Definition, Principles and scope of ecology, Human ecology and Human settlement, Evolution, Origin of life and speciation.
Ecosystems:
Structure and functions, Abiotic and Biotic components, energy flows, Food chains, Food web, Ecological pyramids, types and diversity.
Ecological Succession, Population, Community ecology and Parasitism, Prey – predator relationships.
Common flora and fauna in India:
Aquatic: Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and Macrophytes.
Terrestrial: Forests
Endangered and Threatened Species:
Biodiversity and its conservation: Definition, ‘Hotspot’s of Biodiversity, Strategies for Biodiversity conservation. National Parks and Sanctuaries. Gene pool.
Microflora of Atmosphere: Air Sampling techniques. Identification of aeroallergens. Air – borne diseases and allergies.
Environmental Biotechnology: Fermentation Technology, Vermiculture technology, Biofertilizer technology.
Unit – IV
Environmental Geosciences: Fundamental concepts.
The earth systems and Biosphere: Conservation of matter in various geospheres – lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. Energy budget of the earth. Earth’s thermal environment and seasons. Ecosystems flow of energy and matter. Coexistence in communities-food webs., Earths’major ecosystems terrestrial and aquatic. General relationship between landscape, biomes and climate. Climates of India, Indian Monsoon, El Nino, Droughts. Tropical cyclones and Western Disturbances.
Earth’s Processes and Geological Hazards: Earths processes; concept of residence, time and rates of natural cycles. Catastrophic geological hazards. Study of floods, landslides, earthquakes, volcanism and avalanche. Prediction and perception of the hazards and adjustments to hazardous activities.
Mineral Resources and Environment: Resources and Reserves, Minerals.and Population. Oceans as new areas for exploration of mineral resources. Ocean ore and recycling of resources. Environmental impact of exploitation, processing and smelting of minerals.
Water Resources and Environment: Global Water Balance. Ice sheets and fluctuations of sea levels. Origin and composition of seawater. Hydpological cycle. Factors influencing the surface water. Types of water. Resources of oceans. Ocean pollution by toxic wastes. Human use of surface and groundwaters. Groundwater pollution.
Landuse Planning: The landuse plan. Soil surveys in relation to landuse planning. Methods of site selection and evaluation.
Environmental Geochemistry: Concept of major, trace and REE. Classification of trace elements, Mobility of trace elements, Geochemical cycles. Biogeochemica! factors in environmental health. Human use, trace elements and health. Possible effects of imbalance of some trace elements. Diseases induced by human use of land
Principles of Remote sensing and its application of Environmental Sciences. Application of GIS in Environmental Management.
Unit – V
Sun as source of energy; solar radiation and its spectral characteristics; Fossil fuels-classification, composition, physico – chemical characteristics and energy content of coal, petroleum and natural gas. Principles of generation of hydroelectric power, tidal, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, wind, geothermal energy; solar collectors, photovoltaics, solar ponds; nuclear energy – fission and fusion; magnetohydrodynamic power, bio-energy-energy from biomass and biogas, anaerobic digestion; energy use pattern in different parts of the world.
Environmental implication of energy use; C02 emissions, global warming; air and thermal pollution; radioactive waste and radioactivity from nuclear reactors; impacts of large-scale exploitation of Solar, Wind, Hydro and Ocean energy.
Unit – VI
Air: Natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution. Primary and Secondary pollutants. Transport and diffusion of pollutants. Gas laws governing the behaviour of pollutants in the atmosphere. Methods of monitoring and control of air pollution SOz, NOx, CO, SPM. Effects of pollutants on human beings, plants, animals, materials and on climate. Acid Rain. Air Quality Standards.
Water: Types, sources and consequences of water pollution. Physico – chemical and Bacteriological sampling and analysis of water quality. Standards, sewage and waste water treatment and recycling. Water quality standard.
Soil: Physico – chemical as bacteriological sampling as analysis of soil quality. Soil Pollution Control. Industrial waste effluents and heavy metals, their interactions with soil components. Soil micro – organisms and their functions, degradation of different insecticides, fungicides and weedicides in soil. Different kinds of synthetic fertilizers ( NP & K ) and their interactions with different components of soil.
Noise: Sources of noise pollution, measurement of noise and Indices, effect of meteorological parameters on noise propagation. Noise exposure levels and standards. Noise control and abatement measures. Impact of noise on human health.
Marine : Sources of marine pollution and control. Criteria employed for disposal of pollutants in marine system-coastal management.
Radioactive and Thermal Pollution.
Unit – VII
Introduction to environmental impact analysis.
Environmental impact Statement and Environmental Management Plan.
EIA guidelines 1994, Notification of Government of India.
Impact Assessment Methodologies.
Generalized approach to impact analysis.
Procedure for reviewing Environmental impact analysis and statement. Guidelines for Environmental audit.
Introduction to Environmental planning.
Base line information and predictions (land, water, atmosphere, energy, etc.).
Restoration and rehabilitation technologies.
Landuse policy for India.
Urban planning for India.
Rural planning and landuse pattern.
Concept and strategies of sustainable development.
Cost-Benefit analysis.
Environmental priorities in India and sustainable development.
Unit – VIII
Sources and generation of solid wastes, their characterization, chemical composition and classification. Different methods of disposal and management of solid wastes (Hospital Wastes and Hazardous Wastes) Recycling of waste material. Waste minimization technologies.
Hazardous Wastes Management and Handling Rules, 1989, Resource Management, Disaster Management and Risk analysis.
Environment protection-issues and problems, International and National efforts for Environment Protection, Provision of Constitution of India regarding Environment (Article 48A and 58A).
Environmental Policy Resolution, Legislation, Public Policy Strategies in Pollution Control, Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 amended 1991, Forest Conservation Act, 1980, Indian Forests Act ( Revised ) 1982, Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act, 1981 as amended by Amendment Act, 1987 and Rule 1982, Motor Vehicle Act, 1988, The Water ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act, 1974 as amended up to 1988 and Rules 1975, The Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986 and Rules 1986.
Scheme of labelling of environmentally friendly products (Ecomark), Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 and Rules 1991.
Unit – IX
Basic elements and tools of statistical analysis; Probability, sampling, measurement and distribution of attributes; Distribution-Normal, t and x* Poisson and Binomial; Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic means; moments; matrices, simultaneous linear equations; tests of hypothesis and significance.
Introduction to environmental system analysis; Approaches to development of models; linear simple and multiple regression models, validation and forecasting. Models of population growth and interactions – Lotka – Volterra model, Leslie’s matrix model, point source stream pollution model, box model, Gaussian plume model.
Unit – X
Environmental Education and Awareness. Environmental Ethics and Global imperatives.
Global Environmental problems-ozone depletion, global warming and climatic change.
Current Environmental issue in India.
Context : Narmada Dam, Tehri Dam, Almetti Dam, Soil Erosion, Formation and reclamation of Usar, Alkaline and Saline Soil.
Waste lands and their reclamation.
Desertification and its control.
Vehicular pollution and urban air quality.
Depletion of Nature resources.
Biodiversity conservation and Agenda – 21.
Waste disposal, recycling and power generation, Fly ash utilization. Water Crises-Conservation of water. Environmental Hazards.
Eutrophication and restoration of Indian lakes. Rain water harvesting. Wet lands conservation.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE MCQs
1:-Which of the following entity is not included in fire triangle?
A:-Fuel
B:-Oxygen
C:-Energy
D:-Flamability
Ans: D
2:-Liming is done for the reclamation of
A:-Saline soil
B:-Alkali soil
C:-Acid soil
D:-Sodic soil
Ans: C
3:-Which of the following factor is considered when land is assigned for human settlement?
A:-Stability of ground
B:-Availability of water
C:-Freedom from natural hazards
D:-All of these
Ans: D
4:-Land classified as capability class-III (e) has
A:-Erosion risk
B:-Alkalinity
C:-Root zone restrictions
D:-Salinity
Ans: A
5:-Exchangeable sodium percentage is more than 15%, in case of
A:-Acid soil
B:-Saline soil
C:-Saline alkali soil
D:-Red soil
Ans: C
6:-The origin of βt gene in βt-cotton is
A:-Fungi
B:-Bacteria
C:-Algae
D:-Virus
Ans: B
7:-Primary essential nutrient elements for plants are
A:-N, P, K
B:-Ca, Mg, S
C:-Micro nutrients
D:-None of these
Ans: A
8:-Application of plant cell and tissue culture in forest management is
A:-Production of disease free plants
B:-Production of disease resistant plant
C:-Micro propagation
D:-All of these
Ans: D
9:-Which of the following is a persistent pesticide?
A:-Carbamate
B:-Biopesticides
C:-Chlorinated hydrocarbons
D:-Organo phosphates
Ans: C
10:-The effect of acid rain on ecosystem depends on
A:-Amount of acid
B:-Kind of acid
C:-Geology of that area
D:-All of these
Ans: D
11:-Tilling and planting at right angle to the slope of the land is called
A:-Strip farming
B:-Contour cultivation
C:-Crop rotation
D:-Terracing
Ans: B
12:-Significance of biogeochemical cycle is
A:-Resource utilization
B:-Resource depletion
C:-Biomagnification
D:-None of these
Ans: A
13:-Clean up of the contaminated sites, with the help of natural and genetically modified micro-organisms is called
A:-Bioleaching
B:-Bioremediation
C:-Phytoremediation
D:-Reclamation
Ans: B
14:-In a closed system growth of microbes is self limiting. Because
A:-Depletion of nutrients
B:-Accumulation of waste
C:-Infection
D:-Both (1) and (2)
Ans: D
15:-Electrical energy is an example of
A:-Low quality energy
B:-High quality energy
C:-Nuclear energy
D:-None of these
Ans: B
16:-India is most affected by
A:-Flood
B:-Tsunami
C:-Cyclones
D:-Earthquake
Ans: A
17:-Irrigation water quality is determined by the contents of
A:-Salts
B:-pH
C:-SAR value
D:-All of these
Ans: D
18:-Which of the following is a cause of desertification?
A:-Deforestation
B:-Over grazing
C:-Mining
D:-All of these
Ans: D
19:-Nuclear power reactor is a device that
A:-Permits controlled nuclear fission reaction
B:-Permits nuclear fusion reaction
C:-Permits breeder reaction
D:-None of these
Ans: A
20:-The impact of dam construction is
A:-Submergence of forest
B:-Loss of wild life habitat
C:-Both (1) and (2)
D:-None of these
Ans: C
A:-Fuel
B:-Oxygen
C:-Energy
D:-Flamability
Ans: D
2:-Liming is done for the reclamation of
A:-Saline soil
B:-Alkali soil
C:-Acid soil
D:-Sodic soil
Ans: C
3:-Which of the following factor is considered when land is assigned for human settlement?
A:-Stability of ground
B:-Availability of water
C:-Freedom from natural hazards
D:-All of these
Ans: D
4:-Land classified as capability class-III (e) has
A:-Erosion risk
B:-Alkalinity
C:-Root zone restrictions
D:-Salinity
Ans: A
5:-Exchangeable sodium percentage is more than 15%, in case of
A:-Acid soil
B:-Saline soil
C:-Saline alkali soil
D:-Red soil
Ans: C
6:-The origin of βt gene in βt-cotton is
A:-Fungi
B:-Bacteria
C:-Algae
D:-Virus
Ans: B
7:-Primary essential nutrient elements for plants are
A:-N, P, K
B:-Ca, Mg, S
C:-Micro nutrients
D:-None of these
Ans: A
8:-Application of plant cell and tissue culture in forest management is
A:-Production of disease free plants
B:-Production of disease resistant plant
C:-Micro propagation
D:-All of these
Ans: D
9:-Which of the following is a persistent pesticide?
A:-Carbamate
B:-Biopesticides
C:-Chlorinated hydrocarbons
D:-Organo phosphates
Ans: C
10:-The effect of acid rain on ecosystem depends on
A:-Amount of acid
B:-Kind of acid
C:-Geology of that area
D:-All of these
Ans: D
11:-Tilling and planting at right angle to the slope of the land is called
A:-Strip farming
B:-Contour cultivation
C:-Crop rotation
D:-Terracing
Ans: B
12:-Significance of biogeochemical cycle is
A:-Resource utilization
B:-Resource depletion
C:-Biomagnification
D:-None of these
Ans: A
13:-Clean up of the contaminated sites, with the help of natural and genetically modified micro-organisms is called
A:-Bioleaching
B:-Bioremediation
C:-Phytoremediation
D:-Reclamation
Ans: B
14:-In a closed system growth of microbes is self limiting. Because
A:-Depletion of nutrients
B:-Accumulation of waste
C:-Infection
D:-Both (1) and (2)
Ans: D
15:-Electrical energy is an example of
A:-Low quality energy
B:-High quality energy
C:-Nuclear energy
D:-None of these
Ans: B
16:-India is most affected by
A:-Flood
B:-Tsunami
C:-Cyclones
D:-Earthquake
Ans: A
17:-Irrigation water quality is determined by the contents of
A:-Salts
B:-pH
C:-SAR value
D:-All of these
Ans: D
18:-Which of the following is a cause of desertification?
A:-Deforestation
B:-Over grazing
C:-Mining
D:-All of these
Ans: D
19:-Nuclear power reactor is a device that
A:-Permits controlled nuclear fission reaction
B:-Permits nuclear fusion reaction
C:-Permits breeder reaction
D:-None of these
Ans: A
20:-The impact of dam construction is
A:-Submergence of forest
B:-Loss of wild life habitat
C:-Both (1) and (2)
D:-None of these
Ans: C
21:-Bell-shaped age structure indicates
A:-Exponential growth
B:-Stable growth
C:-Declined growth
D:-None of these
Ans: B
22:-Which of the following is a primary consumer?
A:-Carnivores
B:-Trees
C:-Herbivores
D:-Bacteria
Ans: C
23:-The book 'Silent Spring' is written by
A:-Anil Agarwal
B:-M.C. Mehta
C:-Rachel Carson
D:-Baba Amate
Ans: C
24:-In Tamil Nadu Rain Water Harvesting is made compulsory in the state in
A:-2003
B:-2005
C:-2006
D:-2010
Ans: A
25:-Which of the following is not a Green House Gas?
A:-`"CO_2"`
B:-Methane
C:-`"N_2O"`
D:-Propane
Ans: D
26:-'Down to Earth', a fortnightly news magazine was launched by
A:-Sunderlal Bahuguna
B:-Anil Agarwal
C:-Rachel Carson
D:-Medha Patkar
Ans: B
27:-Which of the following is a biodegradable pollutant?
A:-Plastic
B:-Domestic sewage
C:-Detergent
D:-All of these
Ans: B
28:-Cholera and typhoid are caused by
A:-Bacteria
B:-Worms
C:-Fungi
D:-Virus
Ans: A
29:-Eutrophication is
A:-A process in carbon cycle
B:-A water purification technique
C:-A result of accumulation of plant nutrient in water body
D:-A improved water quality
Ans: C
30:-Bhopal Gas Tragedy is a case of
A:-Air pollution
B:-Soil pollution
C:-Nuclear pollution
D:-Thermal pollution
Ans: A
31:-Marine pollution is caused due to
A:-Oil
B:-Plastic
C:-Chemicals
D:-All of these
Ans: D
32:-Ozone layer absorbs
A:-Radio waves
B:-Infrared radiations
C:-UV-Radiations
D:-Chlorine atoms
Ans: C
33:-The Forest (Conservation) Act was enacted in the year
A:-1986
B:-1974
C:-1980
D:-1972
Ans: C
34:-Noise is
A:-Loud sound
B:-Unwanted sound
C:-Constant sound
D:-Sound of high frequency
Ans: B
35:-Demography is the study of
A:-Animal behaviour
B:-River
C:-Population growth
D:-None of these
Ans: C
36:-According to WHO, Health is
A:-A stage of physical well being
B:-A stage of mental well being
C:-A stage of social well being
D:-All of these
Ans: D
37:-Reclamation of saline-alkali soil is done by
A:-Gypsum
B:-Lime
C:-Calcium carbonate
D:-None of these
Ans: A
38:-A legally binding international agreement to reduce green house gas emissions is
A:-Earth summit
B:-Kyoto protocol
C:-Vienna convention
D:-None of these
Ans: B
39:-Biodiesel is obtained from
A:-Jatropha plant
B:-Soyabean plant
C:-Neem plant
D:-All of these
Ans: D
40:-Chernobyl accident is an example of
A:-Nuclear Reactor Accident
B:-Thermal Power Plant Accident
C:-Train Accident
D:-None of these
Ans: A
41:-Obsolete nuclear weapon is a example of
A:-High level radioactive waste
B:-Low level radioactive waste
C:-Liquid nuclear waste
D:-None of these
Ans: A
42:-Biopesticides are based on the following ecological principles
A:-Predation
B:-Parasitism
C:-Amensalism
D:-All of these
Ans: D
43:-Tsunami is a consequence of
A:-Volcanic eruption
B:-Flood
C:-Earthquake
D:-Cyclone
Ans: C
44:-Still water behind the dam, is an example of
A:-High quality energy
B:-Potential energy
C:-Kinetic energy
D:-Nuclear energy
Ans: B
45:-BOD values are always less than
A:-DO value
B:-COD value
C:-MPN value
D:-SPC value
Ans: B
46:-Which of the following will be a future fuel of the world?
A:-Methanol
B:-Petrol
C:-LPG
D:-Ethanol
Ans: D
47:-The relationship between the organisms in which one organism benefits while the other not affected is
A:-Commensalism
B:-Predation
C:-Parasitism
D:-Mutualism
Ans: A
48:-The number of individuals of a species that can survive in that area over time is called
A:-Age pyramid
B:-Growth curve
C:-Carrying capacity
D:-None of these
Ans: C
49:-Mineral resources are
A:-Renewable
B:-Available in plenty
C:-Equally distributed
D:-Non renewable
Ans: D
50:-Environmental protection is the responsibility of
A:-Government of India
B:-NGOs
C:-Individual
D:-All of the above
Ans: D
A:-Exponential growth
B:-Stable growth
C:-Declined growth
D:-None of these
Ans: B
22:-Which of the following is a primary consumer?
A:-Carnivores
B:-Trees
C:-Herbivores
D:-Bacteria
Ans: C
23:-The book 'Silent Spring' is written by
A:-Anil Agarwal
B:-M.C. Mehta
C:-Rachel Carson
D:-Baba Amate
Ans: C
24:-In Tamil Nadu Rain Water Harvesting is made compulsory in the state in
A:-2003
B:-2005
C:-2006
D:-2010
Ans: A
25:-Which of the following is not a Green House Gas?
A:-`"CO_2"`
B:-Methane
C:-`"N_2O"`
D:-Propane
Ans: D
26:-'Down to Earth', a fortnightly news magazine was launched by
A:-Sunderlal Bahuguna
B:-Anil Agarwal
C:-Rachel Carson
D:-Medha Patkar
Ans: B
27:-Which of the following is a biodegradable pollutant?
A:-Plastic
B:-Domestic sewage
C:-Detergent
D:-All of these
Ans: B
28:-Cholera and typhoid are caused by
A:-Bacteria
B:-Worms
C:-Fungi
D:-Virus
Ans: A
29:-Eutrophication is
A:-A process in carbon cycle
B:-A water purification technique
C:-A result of accumulation of plant nutrient in water body
D:-A improved water quality
Ans: C
30:-Bhopal Gas Tragedy is a case of
A:-Air pollution
B:-Soil pollution
C:-Nuclear pollution
D:-Thermal pollution
Ans: A
31:-Marine pollution is caused due to
A:-Oil
B:-Plastic
C:-Chemicals
D:-All of these
Ans: D
32:-Ozone layer absorbs
A:-Radio waves
B:-Infrared radiations
C:-UV-Radiations
D:-Chlorine atoms
Ans: C
33:-The Forest (Conservation) Act was enacted in the year
A:-1986
B:-1974
C:-1980
D:-1972
Ans: C
34:-Noise is
A:-Loud sound
B:-Unwanted sound
C:-Constant sound
D:-Sound of high frequency
Ans: B
35:-Demography is the study of
A:-Animal behaviour
B:-River
C:-Population growth
D:-None of these
Ans: C
36:-According to WHO, Health is
A:-A stage of physical well being
B:-A stage of mental well being
C:-A stage of social well being
D:-All of these
Ans: D
37:-Reclamation of saline-alkali soil is done by
A:-Gypsum
B:-Lime
C:-Calcium carbonate
D:-None of these
Ans: A
38:-A legally binding international agreement to reduce green house gas emissions is
A:-Earth summit
B:-Kyoto protocol
C:-Vienna convention
D:-None of these
Ans: B
39:-Biodiesel is obtained from
A:-Jatropha plant
B:-Soyabean plant
C:-Neem plant
D:-All of these
Ans: D
40:-Chernobyl accident is an example of
A:-Nuclear Reactor Accident
B:-Thermal Power Plant Accident
C:-Train Accident
D:-None of these
Ans: A
41:-Obsolete nuclear weapon is a example of
A:-High level radioactive waste
B:-Low level radioactive waste
C:-Liquid nuclear waste
D:-None of these
Ans: A
42:-Biopesticides are based on the following ecological principles
A:-Predation
B:-Parasitism
C:-Amensalism
D:-All of these
Ans: D
43:-Tsunami is a consequence of
A:-Volcanic eruption
B:-Flood
C:-Earthquake
D:-Cyclone
Ans: C
44:-Still water behind the dam, is an example of
A:-High quality energy
B:-Potential energy
C:-Kinetic energy
D:-Nuclear energy
Ans: B
45:-BOD values are always less than
A:-DO value
B:-COD value
C:-MPN value
D:-SPC value
Ans: B
46:-Which of the following will be a future fuel of the world?
A:-Methanol
B:-Petrol
C:-LPG
D:-Ethanol
Ans: D
47:-The relationship between the organisms in which one organism benefits while the other not affected is
A:-Commensalism
B:-Predation
C:-Parasitism
D:-Mutualism
Ans: A
48:-The number of individuals of a species that can survive in that area over time is called
A:-Age pyramid
B:-Growth curve
C:-Carrying capacity
D:-None of these
Ans: C
49:-Mineral resources are
A:-Renewable
B:-Available in plenty
C:-Equally distributed
D:-Non renewable
Ans: D
50:-Environmental protection is the responsibility of
A:-Government of India
B:-NGOs
C:-Individual
D:-All of the above
Ans: D
51:-Acid rain is a result of, upset of
A:-Carbon cycle
B:-`"N_2"` cycle
C:-Sulphur cycle
D:-Both (2) and (3)
Ans: D
52:-The progressive accumulation of non-biodegradable chemicals through the food chain is called
A:-Biomagnification
B:-Biodegradation
C:-Bioremediation
D:-Ecological balance
Ans: A
53:-Red data list include those species that are
A:-Harmful to human
B:-Facing the risk of extinction
C:-Responsible for pollution
D:-Abundant in nature
Ans: B
54:-The species that are confined to a particular geographical area are
A:-Rare species
B:-Vulnerable species
C:-Endemic species
D:-Endangered species
Ans: C
55:-Which of the following is an example of In Situ biodiversity conservation?
A:-Biosphere Reserves
B:-Gene Bank
C:-Sanctuary
D:-All of these
Ans: A
56:-The place where one would go to find a particular organism is known as
A:-Factor
B:-Biomass
C:-Species
D:-Habitat
Ans: D
57:-Human exposure to radiation is generally measured in
A:-Rems
B:-Curie
C:-Rads
D:-Sievert
Ans: A
58:-ISO 14000 Standards deal with
A:-Pollution management
B:-Environmental management
C:-Risk management
D:-None of these
Ans: B
59:-The brightness of famous Taj Mahal is decreased due to
A:-Global warming
B:-Acid rain
C:-Ozone layer depletion
D:-Deforestation
Ans: B
60:-Suppose you live in the city of Delhi with average annual rainfall, 910 mm. Your house has a terrace area of 100 sq.m. How much of rainwater can you collect in a year?
A:-910 cu.m.
B:-0.91 cu.m.
C:-91 cu.m.
D:-0.09 cu.m.
Ans: C
61:-Objective of Integrated Pest Management is
A:-Irradication of pest
B:-Encouragement of pest
C:-Keep pest population below a threshold level
D:-None of these
Ans: C
62:-Splash erosion is influenced by
A:-Rainfall intensity
B:-Rain drop size
C:-Both (1) and (2)
D:-Only rainfall intensity
Ans: C
63:-Heavy metal contents in water sample is measured by
A:-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
B:-Gas Chromatograph
C:-HPLC
D:-TOC Analyzer
Ans: A
64:-Which of the following is used as biopolymer for synthesis of bioplastics?
A:-Poly Hydroxy Butarate
B:-Starch
C:-Fatty acid
D:-All of these
Ans: D
65:-The process in which large and heavy soil particles (> 0.5 mm diam.) are moved is
A:-Suspension
B:-Surface creep
C:-Saltation
D:-All of these
Ans: B
66:-Fate of chemical pesticide in soil is
A:-Volatilization
B:-Leaching
C:-Uptake and Degradation
D:-All of these
Ans: D
67:-Sheet erosion is related to
A:-Land with mild and uniform slope
B:-Forest land
C:-Grass land
D:-None of these
Ans: A
68:-Basic principle of separation in Paper Chromatography is
A:-Adsorption
B:-Partition
C:-Ion exchange
D:-None of these
Ans: B
69:-Parts Per Million (PPM) means
A:-mg/L
B:-μg/mL
C:-Both (1) and (2)
D:-None of these
Ans: C
70:-Autoclaving is
A:-Red heat sterilization
B:-Chemical sterilization
C:-Dry heat sterilization
D:-Moist heat sterilization
Ans: D
71:-MPN test enumerates
A:-`ul{text{E.coli}}` only
B:-Coliforms
C:-Fungi
D:-Viruses
Ans: B
72:-The main cause of Fukushima Power Plant Accident was
A:-Tsunami
B:-Faulty Reactor Design
C:-Human error
D:-Safety violations
Ans: A
73:-When input of water is more than output of water the condition called as _________ is created in field.
A:-Water logging
B:-Wet land
C:-Acidic soil
D:-Alkalinity
Ans: A
74:-Which of the following is a principle of Green chemistry?
A:-100% efficient conversion
B:-No or low energy
C:-Less hazardous chemical use
D:-All of these
Ans: D
75:-The material used as biosensor is
A:-Antibody
B:-Hormone
C:-Neural receptor
D:-All of these
Ans: D
76:-Which of the following is energy crop?
A:-Potato
B:-Corn
C:-Sugarcane
D:-All of these
Ans: D
77:-Mychorrhizal infections in forest trees is an example of
A:-Parasitism
B:-Symbiosis
C:-Competition
D:-Predation
Ans: B
78:-'Biomining' uses
A:-Bioleaching
B:-Biosorption
C:-Both (1) and (2)
D:-None of these
Ans: C
79:-Phytoremediation uses capabilities of
A:-Microbes
B:-Plants
C:-Animals
D:-Fungi
Ans: B
80:-A fresh water fern used as biofertilizer is
A:-Azola
B:-Nostoc
C:-Azotobacter
D:-None of these
Ans: A
81:-Acute cadmium poisoning is known as
A:-Itai-Itai
B:-Plumbism
C:-Bysinnosis
D:-Neuralgia
Ans: A
82:-The presence of which of the following contaminants would be the strongest reason for judging Municipal sewage sludge unfit for use as fertilizer ?
A:-Ammonia
B:-Phosphates
C:-Nitrates
D:-Heavy metals
Ans: D
83:-'Our common future' is the report by _________ Commission.
A:-Brundland
B:-Swaminathan
C:-Gadgil
D:-Climate change
Ans: A
84:-'Betz limit' is linked with __________ energy.
A:-Solar
B:-Biomass
C:-Geothermal
D:-Wind
Ans: D
85:-'Pyrethrin', a biopesticide is derived from
A:-Neem
B:-Bacillus thuringiensis
C:-Chrysanthemum
D:-Tobacco
Ans: C
86:-'Gasohol' is a mixture of ___________ and __________.
A:-Air, Alcohol
B:-Gas, Alcohol
C:-Gasoline, Alcohol
D:-Methane, Alcohol
Ans: C
87:-Sounds above what level are considered hazardous noise pollution ?
A:-Above 80 db
B:-Above 30 db
C:-Above 120 db
D:-Above 100 db
Ans: A
88:-'Solar ponds' function on the basis of
A:-Photonics
B:-Non-convection
C:-Transpiration
D:-Convection
Ans: B
89:-Tundra is
A:-Treeless biome
B:-Rich in Conifers
C:-Rich in Pine trees
D:-A desert
Ans: A
90:-__________ convention banned the world wide use of endosulfan.
A:-Geneva
B:-Nairobi
C:-Basel
D:-Stockholm
Ans: A
91:-'Knock-knee syndrome' is due to
A:-Arsenic toxicity
B:-Cadmium toxicity
C:-Fluoride toxicity
D:-Selenium toxicity
Ans: C
92:-The common coagulant used in water treatment is
A:-`(CaSO_(4))_(2).``2H_(2)O`
B:-`Al_(2)``(SO_(4))``_3.` `H_(2)O`
C:-`Al_(2)``(SO_(4))``_3. 14H_(2)O`
D:-`CH_(3)`COOH
Ans: C
93:-Secchi discs are used in __________ studies.
A:-Water quality
B:-Microbiological
C:-Air quality
D:-Quadrate
Ans: A
94:-'Pyrology' is the study of
A:-Distribution of animals in relation to temperature
B:-Role of fire in ecology
C:-Distribution of plants in forests in relation to light
D:-Variation in species distribution in relation to ambient temperature
Ans: B
95:-Through a chemical process coal is converted to a liquid/gas fuel known as
A:-Coal fuel
B:-Natural fuel
C:-Oil shale
D:-Synfuel
Ans: D
96:-OTEC is a technology for
A:-Conservation of Ocean biodiversity
B:-Prevention of marine pollution
C:-Bioremediation of ocean oil spill
D:-Obtaining energy from ocean
Ans: D
97:-'Albedo' is
A:-Lack of pigmentation in the skin
B:-A small country in Africa
C:-A variety of rodent
D:-A fraction of incoming solar radiation that is reflected
Ans: D
98:-Which agency co-ordinates the EIA related activities in India ?
A:-MoEF
B:-DST
C:-CPCB
D:-MoES
Ans: A
99:-In a completely mixed system of wastewater treatment, when the flowrate (Q) is given as 20,000 L per day, calculate the HRT with which the unit is operated while its volume (V) is one lakh litres ?
A:-500 days
B:-50 days
C:-5 days
D:-0.5 days
Ans: C
100:-'Super fund' was created in _________ country for the purpose of ___________.
A:-UK, curbing terrorism
B:-India, for constructing Landfills
C:-Japan, for rehabilitating Tsunami victims
D:-USA, for remediating areas dumped with toxic/hazardous wastes
Ans: D
A:-Carbon cycle
B:-`"N_2"` cycle
C:-Sulphur cycle
D:-Both (2) and (3)
Ans: D
52:-The progressive accumulation of non-biodegradable chemicals through the food chain is called
A:-Biomagnification
B:-Biodegradation
C:-Bioremediation
D:-Ecological balance
Ans: A
53:-Red data list include those species that are
A:-Harmful to human
B:-Facing the risk of extinction
C:-Responsible for pollution
D:-Abundant in nature
Ans: B
54:-The species that are confined to a particular geographical area are
A:-Rare species
B:-Vulnerable species
C:-Endemic species
D:-Endangered species
Ans: C
55:-Which of the following is an example of In Situ biodiversity conservation?
A:-Biosphere Reserves
B:-Gene Bank
C:-Sanctuary
D:-All of these
Ans: A
56:-The place where one would go to find a particular organism is known as
A:-Factor
B:-Biomass
C:-Species
D:-Habitat
Ans: D
57:-Human exposure to radiation is generally measured in
A:-Rems
B:-Curie
C:-Rads
D:-Sievert
Ans: A
58:-ISO 14000 Standards deal with
A:-Pollution management
B:-Environmental management
C:-Risk management
D:-None of these
Ans: B
59:-The brightness of famous Taj Mahal is decreased due to
A:-Global warming
B:-Acid rain
C:-Ozone layer depletion
D:-Deforestation
Ans: B
60:-Suppose you live in the city of Delhi with average annual rainfall, 910 mm. Your house has a terrace area of 100 sq.m. How much of rainwater can you collect in a year?
A:-910 cu.m.
B:-0.91 cu.m.
C:-91 cu.m.
D:-0.09 cu.m.
Ans: C
61:-Objective of Integrated Pest Management is
A:-Irradication of pest
B:-Encouragement of pest
C:-Keep pest population below a threshold level
D:-None of these
Ans: C
62:-Splash erosion is influenced by
A:-Rainfall intensity
B:-Rain drop size
C:-Both (1) and (2)
D:-Only rainfall intensity
Ans: C
63:-Heavy metal contents in water sample is measured by
A:-Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
B:-Gas Chromatograph
C:-HPLC
D:-TOC Analyzer
Ans: A
64:-Which of the following is used as biopolymer for synthesis of bioplastics?
A:-Poly Hydroxy Butarate
B:-Starch
C:-Fatty acid
D:-All of these
Ans: D
65:-The process in which large and heavy soil particles (> 0.5 mm diam.) are moved is
A:-Suspension
B:-Surface creep
C:-Saltation
D:-All of these
Ans: B
66:-Fate of chemical pesticide in soil is
A:-Volatilization
B:-Leaching
C:-Uptake and Degradation
D:-All of these
Ans: D
67:-Sheet erosion is related to
A:-Land with mild and uniform slope
B:-Forest land
C:-Grass land
D:-None of these
Ans: A
68:-Basic principle of separation in Paper Chromatography is
A:-Adsorption
B:-Partition
C:-Ion exchange
D:-None of these
Ans: B
69:-Parts Per Million (PPM) means
A:-mg/L
B:-μg/mL
C:-Both (1) and (2)
D:-None of these
Ans: C
70:-Autoclaving is
A:-Red heat sterilization
B:-Chemical sterilization
C:-Dry heat sterilization
D:-Moist heat sterilization
Ans: D
71:-MPN test enumerates
A:-`ul{text{E.coli}}` only
B:-Coliforms
C:-Fungi
D:-Viruses
Ans: B
72:-The main cause of Fukushima Power Plant Accident was
A:-Tsunami
B:-Faulty Reactor Design
C:-Human error
D:-Safety violations
Ans: A
73:-When input of water is more than output of water the condition called as _________ is created in field.
A:-Water logging
B:-Wet land
C:-Acidic soil
D:-Alkalinity
Ans: A
74:-Which of the following is a principle of Green chemistry?
A:-100% efficient conversion
B:-No or low energy
C:-Less hazardous chemical use
D:-All of these
Ans: D
75:-The material used as biosensor is
A:-Antibody
B:-Hormone
C:-Neural receptor
D:-All of these
Ans: D
76:-Which of the following is energy crop?
A:-Potato
B:-Corn
C:-Sugarcane
D:-All of these
Ans: D
77:-Mychorrhizal infections in forest trees is an example of
A:-Parasitism
B:-Symbiosis
C:-Competition
D:-Predation
Ans: B
78:-'Biomining' uses
A:-Bioleaching
B:-Biosorption
C:-Both (1) and (2)
D:-None of these
Ans: C
79:-Phytoremediation uses capabilities of
A:-Microbes
B:-Plants
C:-Animals
D:-Fungi
Ans: B
80:-A fresh water fern used as biofertilizer is
A:-Azola
B:-Nostoc
C:-Azotobacter
D:-None of these
Ans: A
81:-Acute cadmium poisoning is known as
A:-Itai-Itai
B:-Plumbism
C:-Bysinnosis
D:-Neuralgia
Ans: A
82:-The presence of which of the following contaminants would be the strongest reason for judging Municipal sewage sludge unfit for use as fertilizer ?
A:-Ammonia
B:-Phosphates
C:-Nitrates
D:-Heavy metals
Ans: D
83:-'Our common future' is the report by _________ Commission.
A:-Brundland
B:-Swaminathan
C:-Gadgil
D:-Climate change
Ans: A
84:-'Betz limit' is linked with __________ energy.
A:-Solar
B:-Biomass
C:-Geothermal
D:-Wind
Ans: D
85:-'Pyrethrin', a biopesticide is derived from
A:-Neem
B:-Bacillus thuringiensis
C:-Chrysanthemum
D:-Tobacco
Ans: C
86:-'Gasohol' is a mixture of ___________ and __________.
A:-Air, Alcohol
B:-Gas, Alcohol
C:-Gasoline, Alcohol
D:-Methane, Alcohol
Ans: C
87:-Sounds above what level are considered hazardous noise pollution ?
A:-Above 80 db
B:-Above 30 db
C:-Above 120 db
D:-Above 100 db
Ans: A
88:-'Solar ponds' function on the basis of
A:-Photonics
B:-Non-convection
C:-Transpiration
D:-Convection
Ans: B
89:-Tundra is
A:-Treeless biome
B:-Rich in Conifers
C:-Rich in Pine trees
D:-A desert
Ans: A
90:-__________ convention banned the world wide use of endosulfan.
A:-Geneva
B:-Nairobi
C:-Basel
D:-Stockholm
Ans: A
91:-'Knock-knee syndrome' is due to
A:-Arsenic toxicity
B:-Cadmium toxicity
C:-Fluoride toxicity
D:-Selenium toxicity
Ans: C
92:-The common coagulant used in water treatment is
A:-`(CaSO_(4))_(2).``2H_(2)O`
B:-`Al_(2)``(SO_(4))``_3.` `H_(2)O`
C:-`Al_(2)``(SO_(4))``_3. 14H_(2)O`
D:-`CH_(3)`COOH
Ans: C
93:-Secchi discs are used in __________ studies.
A:-Water quality
B:-Microbiological
C:-Air quality
D:-Quadrate
Ans: A
94:-'Pyrology' is the study of
A:-Distribution of animals in relation to temperature
B:-Role of fire in ecology
C:-Distribution of plants in forests in relation to light
D:-Variation in species distribution in relation to ambient temperature
Ans: B
95:-Through a chemical process coal is converted to a liquid/gas fuel known as
A:-Coal fuel
B:-Natural fuel
C:-Oil shale
D:-Synfuel
Ans: D
96:-OTEC is a technology for
A:-Conservation of Ocean biodiversity
B:-Prevention of marine pollution
C:-Bioremediation of ocean oil spill
D:-Obtaining energy from ocean
Ans: D
97:-'Albedo' is
A:-Lack of pigmentation in the skin
B:-A small country in Africa
C:-A variety of rodent
D:-A fraction of incoming solar radiation that is reflected
Ans: D
98:-Which agency co-ordinates the EIA related activities in India ?
A:-MoEF
B:-DST
C:-CPCB
D:-MoES
Ans: A
99:-In a completely mixed system of wastewater treatment, when the flowrate (Q) is given as 20,000 L per day, calculate the HRT with which the unit is operated while its volume (V) is one lakh litres ?
A:-500 days
B:-50 days
C:-5 days
D:-0.5 days
Ans: C
100:-'Super fund' was created in _________ country for the purpose of ___________.
A:-UK, curbing terrorism
B:-India, for constructing Landfills
C:-Japan, for rehabilitating Tsunami victims
D:-USA, for remediating areas dumped with toxic/hazardous wastes
Ans: D