ENGLISH GRAMMAR
ENGLISH GRAMMAR BASICS
Singular and Plural:
Singular is one and Plural is more than one. Adding 's' or 'es' to a noun makes it plural. Some examples are given below:
Nouns that end with 'sh', 'o', 'ch', 'ss' and 'x' take 'es' in their plurals
Eg:
Fox- Foxes
Dress- Dresses
Bunch- Bunches
Mosquito- Mosquitoes
Bush- Bushes
Some Nouns don't change
Eg:
Sheep- Sheep
Deer- Deer
Trout- Trout
- Biscuit (Singular) and Biscuits (Plural)
- Pencil (Singular) and Pencils (Plural)
Nouns that end with 'sh', 'o', 'ch', 'ss' and 'x' take 'es' in their plurals
Eg:
Fox- Foxes
Dress- Dresses
Bunch- Bunches
Mosquito- Mosquitoes
Bush- Bushes
Some Nouns don't change
Eg:
Sheep- Sheep
Deer- Deer
Trout- Trout
Vowels and Consonants:
Vowel Sounds: a,e,i,o and u
Consonants: b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z
Always add “an” before vowel sounds (a,e,i,o,u) and
“a” is used before the sounds of consonants.
Eg: Vowels
an ice-cream
an eagle
an umbrella
Eg: Consonants
a pen
a book
a tiger
Consonants: b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z
Always add “an” before vowel sounds (a,e,i,o,u) and
“a” is used before the sounds of consonants.
Eg: Vowels
an ice-cream
an eagle
an umbrella
Eg: Consonants
a pen
a book
a tiger
Tenses:
Simple Present Tense:
Simple Past Tense:
Simple Future Tense:
Present Continuous Tense:
- Used to indicate an action that happens in the present.
- Also used to indicate universal truths, habits, etc.
- Example of Present Tense: Ram plays in the park.
Simple Past Tense:
- Denotes an action that is completed at a definite time in the past.
- Example of Past Tense: Ram played in the park.
Simple Future Tense:
- Denotes an action that will happen in the future.
- Example of Simple Future Tense: Ram will play in the park.
Present Continuous Tense:
- Add 'ing' form to the verb
- Eg: walking
Noun:
Noun is the name of a person, place, animal or thing.
Eg: India, Ram, giraffe, etc.
Common Noun:
'The' is used before Common Noun
Eg: the banana, the desk, the pen, the doctor, the pilot, the police, the donkey etc.
Proper Noun:
Begins with Capital letter.
No article is used before Proper Noun.
Eg: India, January, Christmas, Nile, Delhi, etc.
Eg: India, Ram, giraffe, etc.
Common Noun:
'The' is used before Common Noun
Eg: the banana, the desk, the pen, the doctor, the pilot, the police, the donkey etc.
Proper Noun:
Begins with Capital letter.
No article is used before Proper Noun.
Eg: India, January, Christmas, Nile, Delhi, etc.
Pronouns:
Pronoun is used in the place of Noun, Noun Clause or Noun Phrase
Subject Pronoun: I, you, he, she, it, they
Object Pronoun: me, you, him, her, it, them
Pronouns in Present Tense:
I am
He is
She is
It is
This is
That is
You are
We are
They are
These are
Those are
Pronouns in Past Tense:
I was
He was
She was
It was
This was
That was
We were
You were
They were
These were
Those were
Singular Pronouns and Plural Pronouns:
He, She and It will take an s after the verb in simple present tense.
Other pronouns will not take s.
He swims.
She swims.
It swims.
I swim
We swim.
You swim.
They swim.
Subject Pronoun: I, you, he, she, it, they
Object Pronoun: me, you, him, her, it, them
Pronouns in Present Tense:
I am
He is
She is
It is
This is
That is
You are
We are
They are
These are
Those are
Pronouns in Past Tense:
I was
He was
She was
It was
This was
That was
We were
You were
They were
These were
Those were
Singular Pronouns and Plural Pronouns:
He, She and It will take an s after the verb in simple present tense.
Other pronouns will not take s.
He swims.
She swims.
It swims.
I swim
We swim.
You swim.
They swim.
Verbs:
Verb is a doing word
Eg: ran, catch, fly, etc.
Other Verbs: is, am, are, have, has
Being verbs: Being verbs do not show any action.
Eg of Being Verbs: is, are
Having Verbs: Has, Have, Had
Adverb:
Adverbs are modifiers of verb. Adverbs tell more about the verbs.
Eg: The puppy barks loudly.
Adjectives and Adverbs:
brave- bravely
hot- hotly
happy- happily
noisy- noisily
Eg: ran, catch, fly, etc.
Other Verbs: is, am, are, have, has
Being verbs: Being verbs do not show any action.
Eg of Being Verbs: is, are
Having Verbs: Has, Have, Had
Adverb:
Adverbs are modifiers of verb. Adverbs tell more about the verbs.
Eg: The puppy barks loudly.
Adjectives and Adverbs:
brave- bravely
hot- hotly
happy- happily
noisy- noisily
Compound Word:
Two words add together to form a compound word.
Eg:
inside
outside
honeybee
starfish
Eg:
inside
outside
honeybee
starfish
Silent Letters:
Eg:
Knife
Knee
island
write
hour
Knife
Knee
island
write
hour
Conjunctions
Joining words. They join two or ore sentences.
Eg: and, or, but
Do you like orange or apple?
Eg: and, or, but
Do you like orange or apple?
Prepositions:
Some prepositions are
under, at, in, to, on, for, by, over, after, across, between, before, inside, along, behind, into, from, in front of, beside, out of
under, at, in, to, on, for, by, over, after, across, between, before, inside, along, behind, into, from, in front of, beside, out of
Functional Grammar:
Apostrophe mark (') indicates possession.
Eg: Radha's bag
Question mark (?)
Eg: Where are you going?
Comma (,)
Eg: Fruits like oranges, apples, bananas and strawberries are found in this basket.
Eg: Radha's bag
Question mark (?)
Eg: Where are you going?
Comma (,)
Eg: Fruits like oranges, apples, bananas and strawberries are found in this basket.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR- ANTONYMS AND SYNONYMS
ANTONYMS |
SYNONYMS |
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1.Abhor X Like
2.Abrupt X Gradual 3. Attack X Defense 4.Adversity X Prosperity 5. Ally X Enemy 6. Alarming X Encouraging 7. Audacious X Humble 8. Absurd X Logical 9. Assiduous X Negligent 10. Amalgamate X Separate 11. Abridge X Lengthen 12. Ardent X Sluggish 13. Aboveboard X Dishonest 14. Accustomed X Inexperienced 15. Auxiliary X Fundamental 16. Brevity X Longevity 17. Brutal X Merciful 18. Benediction X Curse 19. Bristle X Conceal 20. Copious X Scanty 21. Conceal X Reveal 22. Courteous X Rude 23. Combat X Harmony, Amity 24. Controversy X Agreement 25. Candid X Deceitful 26. Castigate X Compliment, Pardon 27. Crabby X Good-natured 28. Cogent X Weak 29. Callous X Soft 30. Conceited X Humble 31. Coherent X Confused 32. Descend X Ascend 33. Dearer X Cheap 34. Deep X Shallow 35. Dainty X Clumsy 36. Despair X Hope 37. Defile X Clean 38. Dictator X Democrat 39. Doleful X Glad 40. Engulf X Cover 41. Ebb X Flow 42. Elegant X Inexpensive 43. Eloquent X Meaningless, Clumsy 44. Erudite X Ignorant 45. Feeble X Strong 46. Felicity X Unhappiness 47. Facile X Complex 48. Flattery X Criticism 49. Hazy X Clear 50. Horrible X Pleasant 51. Heedless X Careful 52. Intentional X Accidental 53. Immense X Tiny 54. Imitation X Genuine 55. Gruff X Mild, Clear 56. Guardian X Ward 57. Hazard X Security 58. Inclement X Mild, pleasant 59. Impetuous X Careful, Prudent 60. Judicious X Unreasonable, foolish 61. Lengthy X Compact 62. Logical X Illogical 63. Loyal X Disloyal 64. Miserable X Happy 65. Monster X Tiny 66. Modicum X Abundance 67. Optimist X Pessimist 68. Orthodox X Heterodox, Advanced 69. Obstinate X Flexible 70. Ominous X Auspicious, Encouraging 71. Parry X Face 72. Pretty X Ugly 73. Please X Displeasure 74. Prudent X Imprudent 75. Poetry X Prose 76. Pertinent X Irrelevant 77. Predicament X Assurance 78. Prodigal X Thrifty, Selfish 79. Precarious X Safe 80. Prosaic X Interesting 81. Queer X Normal 82. Repulsive X Attractive 83. Smooth X Rough 84. Sober X Drunk 85. Splendid X Terrible 86. Scanty X Abundant, Sufficient 87. Sordid X Clean 88. Tame X Wild 89. Vowel X Consonant 90. Virtue X Vice 91. Vague X Clear, Explicit, Lucid 92. Weary X Fresh 93. Whimsical X Customary, Normal 94. Xanthous X Neutral 95. Xenophobic X Fearless |
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PRESENT- PAST - FUTURE TENSE
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No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 |
Present Tense
flow write grow hold see buy teach draw quit say am need pack speak is throw hear begin catch have dream put drink drive gild know organize participate cry eat beat think fight lay fall lay good get cost put become smile do launch jump sleep open blow want return freeze feed ask pay walk |
Past Tense
flew wrote grew held saw bought taught drew quit said were/ was needed packed spoke was threw heard began caught had dreamt put drunk drove glit knew organized participated cried ate beat thought fought laid fell laid good got cost puts became smiled did launched jumped slept opened blew wanted returned froze fed asked paid walked |
Future Tense
will flow will write will grow will hold will see will buy will teach will draw quit will say will will need will pack will speak will will throw will hear will begin will catch will have will dream put will drink will drive will gild will know will organize will participate will cry will eat will beat will think will fight will lay will fall will lay good will get will cost will put will become will smile will do will launch will jump will sleep will open blown will want will return will freeze will feed will ask will pay will walk |
1. Modal Verbs