SOCIOLOGY- PAGE 4
SOCIOLOGY MCQs- PAGE 4
1. Assertion (A) : Low child sex ratio in India is mainly due to female foeticide.
Reason (R) : Son Preference is quite strong in India due to patrilineal system.
Code :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true
(B) (A) is true, but (R) is false
(C) Both (A) and (R) are false
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true
Ans: A
2. Match List-I with List-II in the context of National Population Policy – 2000 objectives.
List-I List-II
a. Immediate 1. To address the needs of contraception, health care infrastructure & child health care.
b. Mediumterm 2. To achieve stable population by 2045 at level consistent with the requirement of sustainable economic growth, social development and environmental protection.
c. Long-term 3. Bring TFR to replacement level by 2010 through vigorous implementation of operational strategies.
Codes : a b c
(A) 3 1 2 (B) 1 3 2
(C) 2 3 1 (D) 1 2 3
Ans: B
3. Knowledge based development does not depend on :
(A) Knowledge Accumulation (B) Knowledge Dissemination (C) Knowledge for Assumption (D) Knowledge for Production
Ans: C
4. Which is not an attribute of rural society ?
(A) Joint family (B) Agrarian economy (C) Pre-dominance of natural environment (D) Rural differentiation
Ans: D
5. Assertion (A) : Slums are the breeding grounds for Juvenile delinquency in urban and industrial centres.
Reason (R) : Juveniles migrate from the rural areas to industrial and urban centres for employment.
Code :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Ans: A
6. By which constitutional amendment the words “Secularism, Socialism and Integrity” have been included in its preamble ?
(A) Fourth Amendment 1955
(B) Seventh Amendment 1956
(C) Fourteenth Amendment 1962
(D) Forty-second Amendment 1976
Ans: D
7. ‘Live-in relationship’ is a recent phenomenon visible and accepted in which society ?
(A) Tribal (B) Rural (C) Urban (D) Cosmopolitan
Ans: D
Reason (R) : Son Preference is quite strong in India due to patrilineal system.
Code :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true
(B) (A) is true, but (R) is false
(C) Both (A) and (R) are false
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true
Ans: A
2. Match List-I with List-II in the context of National Population Policy – 2000 objectives.
List-I List-II
a. Immediate 1. To address the needs of contraception, health care infrastructure & child health care.
b. Mediumterm 2. To achieve stable population by 2045 at level consistent with the requirement of sustainable economic growth, social development and environmental protection.
c. Long-term 3. Bring TFR to replacement level by 2010 through vigorous implementation of operational strategies.
Codes : a b c
(A) 3 1 2 (B) 1 3 2
(C) 2 3 1 (D) 1 2 3
Ans: B
3. Knowledge based development does not depend on :
(A) Knowledge Accumulation (B) Knowledge Dissemination (C) Knowledge for Assumption (D) Knowledge for Production
Ans: C
4. Which is not an attribute of rural society ?
(A) Joint family (B) Agrarian economy (C) Pre-dominance of natural environment (D) Rural differentiation
Ans: D
5. Assertion (A) : Slums are the breeding grounds for Juvenile delinquency in urban and industrial centres.
Reason (R) : Juveniles migrate from the rural areas to industrial and urban centres for employment.
Code :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Ans: A
6. By which constitutional amendment the words “Secularism, Socialism and Integrity” have been included in its preamble ?
(A) Fourth Amendment 1955
(B) Seventh Amendment 1956
(C) Fourteenth Amendment 1962
(D) Forty-second Amendment 1976
Ans: D
7. ‘Live-in relationship’ is a recent phenomenon visible and accepted in which society ?
(A) Tribal (B) Rural (C) Urban (D) Cosmopolitan
Ans: D
8. Who argued that the school prepares children to move towards universalistic standards and achieved status of adult society ?
(A) E. Durkheim (B) T. Parsons (C) R.K. Merton (D) K. Davis
Ans: D
9. In the major conceptualizations of class, which of the following are not a basis of class situation ?
i. Property
ii. Income
iii. Authority
iv. Caste
Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
(A) i, ii, & iii
(B) i & ii
(C) i & iii
(D) ii & iv
Ans: D
10. The capacity of any person, group or institution to issue commands is called
(A) Power
(B) Authority
(C) Influence
(D) Right
Ans: C
11. According to C.W. Mills, the power elite in America comprises those who hold “command posts” in
i. The major business corporations
ii. The military
iii. The Federal Government
iv. The State bureaucracy
Select the correct alternative :
(A) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
(B) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(C) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(D) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Ans: B
12. Who among the following attempted micro-integrative conflict theory ?
(A) Dahrendorf
(B) Coser
(C) Collins
(D) Marx
Ans: C
13. For R. Dahrendorf a post-capitalist society is characterised by
i. Decomposition of capital
ii. Differentiation of labour
iii. Diamond like class structure
iv. Regulations and institutionalization of conflicts
Select the correct alternative :
(A) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(B) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(C) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(D) (i), (iii) and (iv)
Ans: B
14. The concept of ‘I’ and ‘Me’ with reference to development of ‘self’ was used by
(A) S. Freud (B) C.H. Cooley
(C) H.M. Johnson (D) G.H. Mead
Ans: D
15. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R) :
Assertion (A) : Personality system gets integrated into the social system through socialization.
Reason (R) : Socialization helps actors to develop skills to play roles in society.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Ans: B
16. A status group, according to Max Weber, is characterised by
(A) Occupation
(B) Educational background
(C) Life-style
(D) Family background
Ans: A
17. Who among the following is regarded as the technological determinist of social change ?
(A) E. Durkheim
(B) G. Simmel
(C) T. Veblen
(D) T. Malthus
Ans: D
18. The theoretical perspective that asserts that there are discernible stages which the society goes through more than once or even repeatedly is termed as
(A) Repeated Evolutionary Theory
(B) Unilinear Evolutionary Theory
(C) Cyclical Evolutionary Theory
(D) Reflexive Evolutionary Theory
Ans: B
19. Who among the following describes society as ‘sui-generis’ ?
(A) Radcliffe Brown
(B) Malinowski
(C) E. Durkheim
(D) R. Benedict
Ans: D
20. Which of the following pairs are not included in Parsonian Scheme of ‘Pattern-Variables’ ?
i. Affectivity Vs Affective neutrality
ii. Self-orientation Vs Collectivity orientation
iii. Particularism Vs Universalism
iv. Localism Vs Globalism
v. Quality Vs Performance
vi. Diffusion Vs Specificity
vii. Evolution Vs Revolution
Select the correct alternative :
(A) (i), (ii), (iii), (v) and (vi)
(B) (ii), (iii), (i), (vi) and (v)
(C) (ii), (iii), (v)
(D) (i), (v) and (vi)
Ans: A
21. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R) :
Assertion (A) : The postulate of functional unity of society maintains that all standardised social and cultural beliefs and practices are functional for society as a whole as well as for individuals in society.
Reason (R) : The above said standardised items are indispensable parts of the working whole.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(B) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(C) (R) is true, but (A) is false.
(D) Both (A) and (R) are false.
Ans: B
22. Who among the following does not adopt the functional approach to the understanding of social phenomena ?
(A) J. Alexander
(B) K. Davis
(C) R.K. Merton
(D) J. Habermas
Ans: D
23. The view that authority relations are the main cause of social conflict was held by whom ?
(A) M. Weber
(B) K. Marx
(C) R. Collins
(D) R. Dahrendorf
Ans: B
24. Who among the following has classified status in terms of salient status, dominant status and controlling status ?
(A) T. Parsons
(B) R.K. Merton
(C) W.E. Moore
(D) H.M. Johnson
Ans: D
25. What is common to magic, religion and science ?
(A) Observation and experimentation
(B) Equal influence on human beings
(C) Orientation towards the unknown
(D) Orientation towards the supernatural
Ans: C
26. Who among the following is a proponent of dialectical approach to the study of Indian society ?
(A) M.N. Srinivas
(B) D.P. Mukherjee
(C) A. Beteille
(D) Y.B. Damle
Ans: A
27. Which type of research aims to describe a social situation, social event, social system, social structure etc. ?
(A) Basic research
(B) Descriptive research
(C) Empirical research
(D) Explanatory research
Ans: C
28. A university has 7530 students and a researcher draws 10 percent sample from it amounting to a total of 753. This is called
(A) Sample size
(B) Sample ratio
(C) Sample element
(D) Purposive sampling
Ans: A
29. In the major conceptualizations of class, which of the following are not a basis of class situation ?
i. Property
ii. Income
iii. Authority
iv. Caste
Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
(A) i, ii, & iii
(B) i & ii
(C) i & iii
(D) ii & iv
Ans: D
(A) E. Durkheim (B) T. Parsons (C) R.K. Merton (D) K. Davis
Ans: D
9. In the major conceptualizations of class, which of the following are not a basis of class situation ?
i. Property
ii. Income
iii. Authority
iv. Caste
Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
(A) i, ii, & iii
(B) i & ii
(C) i & iii
(D) ii & iv
Ans: D
10. The capacity of any person, group or institution to issue commands is called
(A) Power
(B) Authority
(C) Influence
(D) Right
Ans: C
11. According to C.W. Mills, the power elite in America comprises those who hold “command posts” in
i. The major business corporations
ii. The military
iii. The Federal Government
iv. The State bureaucracy
Select the correct alternative :
(A) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
(B) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(C) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(D) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Ans: B
12. Who among the following attempted micro-integrative conflict theory ?
(A) Dahrendorf
(B) Coser
(C) Collins
(D) Marx
Ans: C
13. For R. Dahrendorf a post-capitalist society is characterised by
i. Decomposition of capital
ii. Differentiation of labour
iii. Diamond like class structure
iv. Regulations and institutionalization of conflicts
Select the correct alternative :
(A) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(B) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(C) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(D) (i), (iii) and (iv)
Ans: B
14. The concept of ‘I’ and ‘Me’ with reference to development of ‘self’ was used by
(A) S. Freud (B) C.H. Cooley
(C) H.M. Johnson (D) G.H. Mead
Ans: D
15. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R) :
Assertion (A) : Personality system gets integrated into the social system through socialization.
Reason (R) : Socialization helps actors to develop skills to play roles in society.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Ans: B
16. A status group, according to Max Weber, is characterised by
(A) Occupation
(B) Educational background
(C) Life-style
(D) Family background
Ans: A
17. Who among the following is regarded as the technological determinist of social change ?
(A) E. Durkheim
(B) G. Simmel
(C) T. Veblen
(D) T. Malthus
Ans: D
18. The theoretical perspective that asserts that there are discernible stages which the society goes through more than once or even repeatedly is termed as
(A) Repeated Evolutionary Theory
(B) Unilinear Evolutionary Theory
(C) Cyclical Evolutionary Theory
(D) Reflexive Evolutionary Theory
Ans: B
19. Who among the following describes society as ‘sui-generis’ ?
(A) Radcliffe Brown
(B) Malinowski
(C) E. Durkheim
(D) R. Benedict
Ans: D
20. Which of the following pairs are not included in Parsonian Scheme of ‘Pattern-Variables’ ?
i. Affectivity Vs Affective neutrality
ii. Self-orientation Vs Collectivity orientation
iii. Particularism Vs Universalism
iv. Localism Vs Globalism
v. Quality Vs Performance
vi. Diffusion Vs Specificity
vii. Evolution Vs Revolution
Select the correct alternative :
(A) (i), (ii), (iii), (v) and (vi)
(B) (ii), (iii), (i), (vi) and (v)
(C) (ii), (iii), (v)
(D) (i), (v) and (vi)
Ans: A
21. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R) :
Assertion (A) : The postulate of functional unity of society maintains that all standardised social and cultural beliefs and practices are functional for society as a whole as well as for individuals in society.
Reason (R) : The above said standardised items are indispensable parts of the working whole.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(B) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(C) (R) is true, but (A) is false.
(D) Both (A) and (R) are false.
Ans: B
22. Who among the following does not adopt the functional approach to the understanding of social phenomena ?
(A) J. Alexander
(B) K. Davis
(C) R.K. Merton
(D) J. Habermas
Ans: D
23. The view that authority relations are the main cause of social conflict was held by whom ?
(A) M. Weber
(B) K. Marx
(C) R. Collins
(D) R. Dahrendorf
Ans: B
24. Who among the following has classified status in terms of salient status, dominant status and controlling status ?
(A) T. Parsons
(B) R.K. Merton
(C) W.E. Moore
(D) H.M. Johnson
Ans: D
25. What is common to magic, religion and science ?
(A) Observation and experimentation
(B) Equal influence on human beings
(C) Orientation towards the unknown
(D) Orientation towards the supernatural
Ans: C
26. Who among the following is a proponent of dialectical approach to the study of Indian society ?
(A) M.N. Srinivas
(B) D.P. Mukherjee
(C) A. Beteille
(D) Y.B. Damle
Ans: A
27. Which type of research aims to describe a social situation, social event, social system, social structure etc. ?
(A) Basic research
(B) Descriptive research
(C) Empirical research
(D) Explanatory research
Ans: C
28. A university has 7530 students and a researcher draws 10 percent sample from it amounting to a total of 753. This is called
(A) Sample size
(B) Sample ratio
(C) Sample element
(D) Purposive sampling
Ans: A
29. In the major conceptualizations of class, which of the following are not a basis of class situation ?
i. Property
ii. Income
iii. Authority
iv. Caste
Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
(A) i, ii, & iii
(B) i & ii
(C) i & iii
(D) ii & iv
Ans: D
30. According to Karl Marx, which of the following are elements of the forces of production ?
(A) Technology and capital
(B) Capital, labour and technology
(C) Science and technology
(D) Capital, labour, science and technology
Ans: A
31. Who among the following used the concept of ‘interaction ritual’ in his theory ?
(A) R. Collins
(B) L. Coser
(C) E. Durkheim
(D) H. Blumer
Ans: D
32. Who among the following argues that the withdrawal of legitimacy from an existing system of inequality is a critical precondition for conflict ?
(A) R. Dahrendorf
(B) L. Coser
(C) R. Collins
(D) J. Habermas
Ans: B
33. Themetic and text analyses are used in
(A) Path analysis
(B) Data analysis
(C) Form analysis
(D) Content analysis
Ans: C
34. The study of recorded human statement based on newspaper, magazines, songs, poems, speeches etc. are known as
(A) Statistical analysis
(B) Content analysis
(C) Historical analysis
(D) Comparative analysis
Ans: B
35. Which one of the following is not a type of reliability according to Kirk and Miller ?
(A) Quixotic : Circumstances in which single method of observation yields the same measurement repeatedly.
(B) Dialectical : Observation between two conflicting situation.
(C) Diachronic : Stability of an observation over a period of time.
(D) Synchronic : Similarity of observation within same period of time.
Ans: A
36. Which one of the following is not a measure of central tendency ?
(A) Mean
(B) Median
(C) Mode
(D) Standard deviation
Ans: A
37. “Men make history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given and transmitted from the past.” With whom is this statement related ?
(A) Karl Mannheim (B) Karl Marx (C) Karl Popper (D) Ralf Dahrendorf
Ans: B
38. “Thinking is simply an internalised or implicit conversation of the individual with himself by means of significant gestures.”
Who said so ?
(A) L. Althusser (B) H. Blumer (C) P. Blau (D) G.H. Mead
Ans: B
39. Which of the following is not a feature of association ?
(A) A collectivity of people (B) Having certain objectives (C) Voluntary membership (D) Pursuing ideal norms
Ans: A
40. Which of the following statements on the nature of social role is not correct ?
(A) It is a set of expectations. (B) It is impossible to define one’s role without referring to another.
(C) It includes a series of rights and duties. (D) It has no association with status.
Ans: A
41. According to Coser which of the following type of conflict may not be functional for the system ?
(A) Conflict over core value
(B) Conflict over explicit realistic issues
(C) Frequent conflict over small issues
(D) Repetitive conflict of low intensity
Ans: C
42. Which of the following scales has real zero origin ?
(A) Nominal
(B) Ordinal
(C) Interval
(D) Ratio
Ans: B
43. Who had applied the reference group theory to analyse mobility within the caste system ?
(A) M.S.A. Rao
(B) G.S. Ghurye
(C) M.N. Srinivas
(D) Yogendra Singh
Ans: C
44. The concept of structural visibility was contributed by whom ?
(A) T. Parsons
(B) R.K. Merton
(C) Radcliffe-Brown
(D) S.F. Nadel
Ans: B
45. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched ?
(A) Organic solidarity– E. Durkheim
(B) Pattern variable – T. Parsons
(C) Looking-glass self – C.H. Cooley
(D) Individualistic functionalism – R.K. Merton
Ans: BC
46. Triangulation is a method of assessing validity of one’s research by
(A) Collecting three generational data.
(B) Analysing three generational data.
(C) Using different methods and theoretical analysis of different subject of study by one or more researchers.
(D) Mixing of different methods and theoretical analysis of same subject of study by one or more researchers.
Ans: C
47. The book “Street Corner Society” based on the following technique of research :
(A) Interview schedule
(B) Participant observation
(C) Content analysis
(D) Questionnaire
Ans: C
48. Identify the correct sequence in social research :
i. Report writing
ii. Data analysis
iii. Pilot study
iv. Formation of hypothesis
v. Null hypothesis
vi. Observation
(A) iv, v, iii, vi, ii, i
(B) iii, iv, i, ii, vi, v
(C) i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi
(D) vi, v, iv, iii, ii, i
Ans: C
49. Match the followings : List – I List – II (Concepts) (Authors)
a. Cultural Lag i. K. Marx
b. False Consciousness ii. Ogburn
c. Law of Similarity and Contact iii. J. Frazer
d. Institutionalization of class conflict iv. R. Dahrendorf
Codes : a b c d
(A) ii i iii iv
(B) iv iii i ii
(C) iii ii iv i
(D) i iv ii iii
Ans: A
50. Fill in the blanks : An institution is composed of _______.
(A) Actors and Groups (B) Rules and procedures (C) Values and norms (D) All
Ans: C
(A) Technology and capital
(B) Capital, labour and technology
(C) Science and technology
(D) Capital, labour, science and technology
Ans: A
31. Who among the following used the concept of ‘interaction ritual’ in his theory ?
(A) R. Collins
(B) L. Coser
(C) E. Durkheim
(D) H. Blumer
Ans: D
32. Who among the following argues that the withdrawal of legitimacy from an existing system of inequality is a critical precondition for conflict ?
(A) R. Dahrendorf
(B) L. Coser
(C) R. Collins
(D) J. Habermas
Ans: B
33. Themetic and text analyses are used in
(A) Path analysis
(B) Data analysis
(C) Form analysis
(D) Content analysis
Ans: C
34. The study of recorded human statement based on newspaper, magazines, songs, poems, speeches etc. are known as
(A) Statistical analysis
(B) Content analysis
(C) Historical analysis
(D) Comparative analysis
Ans: B
35. Which one of the following is not a type of reliability according to Kirk and Miller ?
(A) Quixotic : Circumstances in which single method of observation yields the same measurement repeatedly.
(B) Dialectical : Observation between two conflicting situation.
(C) Diachronic : Stability of an observation over a period of time.
(D) Synchronic : Similarity of observation within same period of time.
Ans: A
36. Which one of the following is not a measure of central tendency ?
(A) Mean
(B) Median
(C) Mode
(D) Standard deviation
Ans: A
37. “Men make history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly encountered, given and transmitted from the past.” With whom is this statement related ?
(A) Karl Mannheim (B) Karl Marx (C) Karl Popper (D) Ralf Dahrendorf
Ans: B
38. “Thinking is simply an internalised or implicit conversation of the individual with himself by means of significant gestures.”
Who said so ?
(A) L. Althusser (B) H. Blumer (C) P. Blau (D) G.H. Mead
Ans: B
39. Which of the following is not a feature of association ?
(A) A collectivity of people (B) Having certain objectives (C) Voluntary membership (D) Pursuing ideal norms
Ans: A
40. Which of the following statements on the nature of social role is not correct ?
(A) It is a set of expectations. (B) It is impossible to define one’s role without referring to another.
(C) It includes a series of rights and duties. (D) It has no association with status.
Ans: A
41. According to Coser which of the following type of conflict may not be functional for the system ?
(A) Conflict over core value
(B) Conflict over explicit realistic issues
(C) Frequent conflict over small issues
(D) Repetitive conflict of low intensity
Ans: C
42. Which of the following scales has real zero origin ?
(A) Nominal
(B) Ordinal
(C) Interval
(D) Ratio
Ans: B
43. Who had applied the reference group theory to analyse mobility within the caste system ?
(A) M.S.A. Rao
(B) G.S. Ghurye
(C) M.N. Srinivas
(D) Yogendra Singh
Ans: C
44. The concept of structural visibility was contributed by whom ?
(A) T. Parsons
(B) R.K. Merton
(C) Radcliffe-Brown
(D) S.F. Nadel
Ans: B
45. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched ?
(A) Organic solidarity– E. Durkheim
(B) Pattern variable – T. Parsons
(C) Looking-glass self – C.H. Cooley
(D) Individualistic functionalism – R.K. Merton
Ans: BC
46. Triangulation is a method of assessing validity of one’s research by
(A) Collecting three generational data.
(B) Analysing three generational data.
(C) Using different methods and theoretical analysis of different subject of study by one or more researchers.
(D) Mixing of different methods and theoretical analysis of same subject of study by one or more researchers.
Ans: C
47. The book “Street Corner Society” based on the following technique of research :
(A) Interview schedule
(B) Participant observation
(C) Content analysis
(D) Questionnaire
Ans: C
48. Identify the correct sequence in social research :
i. Report writing
ii. Data analysis
iii. Pilot study
iv. Formation of hypothesis
v. Null hypothesis
vi. Observation
(A) iv, v, iii, vi, ii, i
(B) iii, iv, i, ii, vi, v
(C) i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi
(D) vi, v, iv, iii, ii, i
Ans: C
49. Match the followings : List – I List – II (Concepts) (Authors)
a. Cultural Lag i. K. Marx
b. False Consciousness ii. Ogburn
c. Law of Similarity and Contact iii. J. Frazer
d. Institutionalization of class conflict iv. R. Dahrendorf
Codes : a b c d
(A) ii i iii iv
(B) iv iii i ii
(C) iii ii iv i
(D) i iv ii iii
Ans: A
50. Fill in the blanks : An institution is composed of _______.
(A) Actors and Groups (B) Rules and procedures (C) Values and norms (D) All
Ans: C
51. George Simmel’s classification of group as ‘Monad’, ‘Dyad’, ‘Triad’ is based on
(A) Physical proximity (B) Nature of membership (C) Social relations (D) Size of the group
Ans: B
52. An area of social living which is marked by some degree of social coherence and similarity is called
(A) Social group (B) Society (C) Community (D) Association
Ans: A
53. C.W. Mills’ perspective takes into account i. Biography ii. Sociography iii. History iv. Geography v. Ethnography Select the correct alternatives :
(A) ii only (B) ii and iii only (C) i and iii only (D) i, ii, iv and v only
Ans: A
54. Which of the following instances may not be considered as a reference group behaviour ?
(A) Proletarianization (B) Embourgeoisment (C) Sanskritization (D) Modernization
Ans: C
55. Which of the following is a set of informal groups ?
(A) Clique, faction, caucus (B) Gang, union, dacoits (C) Slum, village, NGO (D) Neighbourhood, Peer group, Panchayat
Ans: A
56. Which technique of qualitative data collection is followed by researcher to understand people and their behaviour through direct, focused and non-verbal interaction in their natural setting ?
(A) Interview
(B) Observation
(C) Case study
(D) Above
Ans: A
(A) Physical proximity (B) Nature of membership (C) Social relations (D) Size of the group
Ans: B
52. An area of social living which is marked by some degree of social coherence and similarity is called
(A) Social group (B) Society (C) Community (D) Association
Ans: A
53. C.W. Mills’ perspective takes into account i. Biography ii. Sociography iii. History iv. Geography v. Ethnography Select the correct alternatives :
(A) ii only (B) ii and iii only (C) i and iii only (D) i, ii, iv and v only
Ans: A
54. Which of the following instances may not be considered as a reference group behaviour ?
(A) Proletarianization (B) Embourgeoisment (C) Sanskritization (D) Modernization
Ans: C
55. Which of the following is a set of informal groups ?
(A) Clique, faction, caucus (B) Gang, union, dacoits (C) Slum, village, NGO (D) Neighbourhood, Peer group, Panchayat
Ans: A
56. Which technique of qualitative data collection is followed by researcher to understand people and their behaviour through direct, focused and non-verbal interaction in their natural setting ?
(A) Interview
(B) Observation
(C) Case study
(D) Above
Ans: A
57. Which one of the following is not correct with regard to peasant ?
(A) The peasant represents little tradition.
(B) The peasants in India are predominantly represented by the middle strata of caste hierarchy.
(C) The peasants are dependants on land for the mainstay of their livelihood.
(D) Though the peasants are dependent on land for the mainstay of their livelihood, they resort to several other activities for their livelihood security.
Ans: C
58. Which one of the social movements in rural India can be termed as an example of ‘old’ social movements ?
(A) Environment movements (B) Peasant movements (C) Ethnic movements (D) Regional autonomy movements
Ans: B
59. Which one of the following concepts are not replaced by Sanskritization by M.N. Srinivas ?
(A) Brahminization and Sudraisation (B) Brahminization and Kshatriyaization
(C) Kshatriyaization and Sudraisation (D) Brahminization and Westernization
Ans: D
60. Which one of the following is not a features of caste system ?
(A) Endogamy, purity and pollution, ritual hierarchy and ascribed occupation.
(B) Exogamy, purity and pollution, ritual hierarchy and ascribed occupation.
(C) Endogamy, purity and pollution, ritual hierarchy and achieved occupation.
(D) Monogamy, purity and pollution, secular hierarchy and ascribed occupation.
Ans: B
61. Match List – I with List – II and mark the correct code given below : List – I List – II (Authors) (Books)
a. Mekim Marriot i. India’s Village
b. M.N. Srinivas ii. Indian Village
c. B.R. Chauhan iii. Village India
d. S.C. Dube iv. A Rajasthan Village
Codes : a b c d
(A) i ii iii iv
(B) ii iii i iv
(C) iii i iv ii
(D) iv iii ii i
Ans: D
62. Match List – I with List – II and mark the correct code given below : List – I List – II (Authors) (Books)
a. M.N. Srinivas i. Caste in India : Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development
b. B.R. Ambedkar ii. Diversities
c. G.S. Ghurye iii. Dominant Caste and Other Essays
d. D.P. Mukherjee iv. Caste and Race in India
Codes : a b c d
(A) ii iii i iv
(B) iii i ii iv
(C) iv ii iii i
(D) i ii iii iv
Ans: C
63. Match the items in List – I with the items in List – II and choose the correct answer from the codes given below : List – I List – II
a. Social evolution i. Karl Marx
b. Positivism ii. William Ogburn
c. Mode of Production iii. Auguste Comte
d. Cultural Lag iv. Herbert Spencer
Codes : a b c d
(A) ii i iii iv
(B) i iv ii iii
(C) iv iii i ii
(D) iii ii iv i
Ans: B
64. Which one of the following is not a demand of peasant movements in India ?
(A) Land Distribution (B) Fertilizer Subsidy (C) Tenancy Rights (D) Higher wage for agricultural labour
Ans: A
65. Who defined peasants as ’small agricultural producers, who, with the help of simple equipment and the labour of their families, produce mostly for their own consumption, direct or indirect, and for the fulfilment of obligations to holders of political and economic power’ ?
(A) A. Beteille (B) T. Shanin
(C) A.R. Desai (D) A.V. Chayanor
Ans: A
66. In Indian context increase in slum population depicts
(A) an extension of rural poverty (B) an extension of rural prosperity
(C) an extension of urban prosperity (D) a process of urbanization
Ans: B
67. Which one of the following is not a push factor of rural to urban migration ?
(A) Rural unemployment (B) Increasing practice of dowry in rural areas
(C) Rural poverty (D) Decline of cottage and household industry in rural areas
Ans: B
68. Ethnicity is defined with reference to
(A) inherited and achieved sociocultural attributes (B) inherited political positions and achieved economic attributes
(C) inherited socio-cultural attributes (D) achieved socio-cultural attributes
Ans: A
69. Which one of the following is not a feature of informal sector ?
(A) Absence of effective legal protection (B) Absence of employment security
(C) Absence of effective trade unionism (D) Absence of gender segregation
Ans: A
70. The Juvenile delinquents in India belong to the age group of
(A) Below 12 years (B) Below 14 years (C) Below 18 years (D) Below 20 years
Ans: C
72. The average size of landholding of Scheduled Tribes is
(A) higher than the Scheduled Castes (B) lower than the Scheduled Castes
(C) similar to those of the Scheduled Castes (D) higher than the Other Backward Classes
Ans: D
73. The social development strategy aims to ensure that (A) economic development is achieved by integrating national economy with multinational corporations and their corporate social responsibility. (B) collective voice of trade unions is protected and their concerns are addressed properly. (C) each section of society is recognized as resource who needs to be benefited from economic development to ensure that their educational, employment, health, other basic necessities of lives are fulfilled and opportunities be provided for the realization of their full potential. (D) Development process should protect the balance between tradition and modernity.
Ans: C
74. In the wake of globalization Indian economy has (A) reassorted its commitment to socialist path of development. (B) reoriented to mixed economic path. (C) rejuvenated the Gandhian models of self sufficiency. (D) opened up to economic neoliberalism.
Ans: D
75. Gary Slapper and Steve Tombs have studied (A) White collar crime (B) Cyber Crime (C) Corporate Crime (D) Organized Crime
Ans: A
(A) The peasant represents little tradition.
(B) The peasants in India are predominantly represented by the middle strata of caste hierarchy.
(C) The peasants are dependants on land for the mainstay of their livelihood.
(D) Though the peasants are dependent on land for the mainstay of their livelihood, they resort to several other activities for their livelihood security.
Ans: C
58. Which one of the social movements in rural India can be termed as an example of ‘old’ social movements ?
(A) Environment movements (B) Peasant movements (C) Ethnic movements (D) Regional autonomy movements
Ans: B
59. Which one of the following concepts are not replaced by Sanskritization by M.N. Srinivas ?
(A) Brahminization and Sudraisation (B) Brahminization and Kshatriyaization
(C) Kshatriyaization and Sudraisation (D) Brahminization and Westernization
Ans: D
60. Which one of the following is not a features of caste system ?
(A) Endogamy, purity and pollution, ritual hierarchy and ascribed occupation.
(B) Exogamy, purity and pollution, ritual hierarchy and ascribed occupation.
(C) Endogamy, purity and pollution, ritual hierarchy and achieved occupation.
(D) Monogamy, purity and pollution, secular hierarchy and ascribed occupation.
Ans: B
61. Match List – I with List – II and mark the correct code given below : List – I List – II (Authors) (Books)
a. Mekim Marriot i. India’s Village
b. M.N. Srinivas ii. Indian Village
c. B.R. Chauhan iii. Village India
d. S.C. Dube iv. A Rajasthan Village
Codes : a b c d
(A) i ii iii iv
(B) ii iii i iv
(C) iii i iv ii
(D) iv iii ii i
Ans: D
62. Match List – I with List – II and mark the correct code given below : List – I List – II (Authors) (Books)
a. M.N. Srinivas i. Caste in India : Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development
b. B.R. Ambedkar ii. Diversities
c. G.S. Ghurye iii. Dominant Caste and Other Essays
d. D.P. Mukherjee iv. Caste and Race in India
Codes : a b c d
(A) ii iii i iv
(B) iii i ii iv
(C) iv ii iii i
(D) i ii iii iv
Ans: C
63. Match the items in List – I with the items in List – II and choose the correct answer from the codes given below : List – I List – II
a. Social evolution i. Karl Marx
b. Positivism ii. William Ogburn
c. Mode of Production iii. Auguste Comte
d. Cultural Lag iv. Herbert Spencer
Codes : a b c d
(A) ii i iii iv
(B) i iv ii iii
(C) iv iii i ii
(D) iii ii iv i
Ans: B
64. Which one of the following is not a demand of peasant movements in India ?
(A) Land Distribution (B) Fertilizer Subsidy (C) Tenancy Rights (D) Higher wage for agricultural labour
Ans: A
65. Who defined peasants as ’small agricultural producers, who, with the help of simple equipment and the labour of their families, produce mostly for their own consumption, direct or indirect, and for the fulfilment of obligations to holders of political and economic power’ ?
(A) A. Beteille (B) T. Shanin
(C) A.R. Desai (D) A.V. Chayanor
Ans: A
66. In Indian context increase in slum population depicts
(A) an extension of rural poverty (B) an extension of rural prosperity
(C) an extension of urban prosperity (D) a process of urbanization
Ans: B
67. Which one of the following is not a push factor of rural to urban migration ?
(A) Rural unemployment (B) Increasing practice of dowry in rural areas
(C) Rural poverty (D) Decline of cottage and household industry in rural areas
Ans: B
68. Ethnicity is defined with reference to
(A) inherited and achieved sociocultural attributes (B) inherited political positions and achieved economic attributes
(C) inherited socio-cultural attributes (D) achieved socio-cultural attributes
Ans: A
69. Which one of the following is not a feature of informal sector ?
(A) Absence of effective legal protection (B) Absence of employment security
(C) Absence of effective trade unionism (D) Absence of gender segregation
Ans: A
70. The Juvenile delinquents in India belong to the age group of
(A) Below 12 years (B) Below 14 years (C) Below 18 years (D) Below 20 years
Ans: C
72. The average size of landholding of Scheduled Tribes is
(A) higher than the Scheduled Castes (B) lower than the Scheduled Castes
(C) similar to those of the Scheduled Castes (D) higher than the Other Backward Classes
Ans: D
73. The social development strategy aims to ensure that (A) economic development is achieved by integrating national economy with multinational corporations and their corporate social responsibility. (B) collective voice of trade unions is protected and their concerns are addressed properly. (C) each section of society is recognized as resource who needs to be benefited from economic development to ensure that their educational, employment, health, other basic necessities of lives are fulfilled and opportunities be provided for the realization of their full potential. (D) Development process should protect the balance between tradition and modernity.
Ans: C
74. In the wake of globalization Indian economy has (A) reassorted its commitment to socialist path of development. (B) reoriented to mixed economic path. (C) rejuvenated the Gandhian models of self sufficiency. (D) opened up to economic neoliberalism.
Ans: D
75. Gary Slapper and Steve Tombs have studied (A) White collar crime (B) Cyber Crime (C) Corporate Crime (D) Organized Crime
Ans: A
76. ‘Women’s Rights are human rights’ as an international policy for women’s empowerment was accepted in an International Conference of Women held in
(A) Beijing (B) Mexico (C) Nairobi (D) Copenhagen
Ans: C
77. The proportion of the aged (60+) population to the total population of India shows a trend of
(A) Stagnation (B) Decline (C) Increase (D) Increase in urban but decline rural areas
Ans: D
78. Which one of the following is not correct with regard to the Liberal Feminists view on the State ?
(A) The State is potentially a neutral arbiter and lack any ideology of its own. (B) Men have captured the State.
(C) Men are pressure group, women are observers. (D) Women should embrace strategies for meaningfully access the state and influence it.
Ans: C
79. The proportion of the aged (60+) population to the total population of India shows a trend of
(A) Stagnation (B) Decline (C) Increase (D) Increase in urban but decline rural areas
Ans: D
80. What proportion of India’s urban population live in slums ?
(A) Around one-fifth (B) Around one-fourth (C) Around one-third (D) Around one-half
Ans: D
81. What proportion of India’s population does not get safe drinking water as per WHO ?
(A) 15 % (B) 25 % (C) 35 % (D) 45 %
Ans: D
82. Who held the view that Indian tribals were backward Hindus ?
(A) G.S. Ghurye (B) Y.B. Damle (C) A.R. Desai (D) N.K. Bose
Ans: D
83. Who among the following has used the dialectical approach to the study of Indian Society ?
(A) M.N. Srinivas (B) D.P. Mukherjee (C) A. Beteille (D) Y.B. Damle
Ans: A
84. ‘Individuals, families and groups in the population can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or atleast widely encouraged or approved, in the societies to which they belong. Their resources are so seriously below those commanded by average individual or family that they are, in effect, excluded from the ordinary living patterns, customs and activities. (Townsend, 1979, cf Harlambos and Hoborn : Sociology, p.297). From the above paragraph in which of the following way ‘poverty’ is defined ?
(A) Poverty is absolute term. (B) Poverty as ‘Relative deprivation’.
(C) Poverty as ‘absence of resources’. (D) Poverty as ‘exclusion of activities’.
Ans: B
85. From the statements given below choose the code depicting correct answer to describe the ‘socially constructed gender inequalities’. (a) Hormonal and chromosomes differences between male and female.
(b) For similarly qualified persons, men favoured over women.
(c) Men and women are thought to possess different physical, emotional and mental capabilities.
(d) Practice of dowry has increased among the educated middle class in India.
Codes :
(A) All statements (a), (b), (c) and (d).
(B) (b) and (c) but not (a) and (d).
(C) (a), (b) and (d) but not (c).
(D) (b), (c) and (d) but not (a).
Ans: D
86. Given below are two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Pick the right answer from the codes : Assertion (A) : The problem of ‘dowry deaths’ is typically prevalent among the ‘emergent urban middle class’ in India. Reason (R) : The law of inheritance is discriminatory against women in India.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(B) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(C) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not correct explanation of (A).
(D) (A) is true and (R) is correct explanation of (A).
Ans: B
87. The value of an individual’s labour power which is ‘left over’ when an employer has repaid the cost involved in hiring a worker is called in Marxian term
(A) Use value (B) Surplus value (C) Exchange value (D) Left-over value
Ans: C
88. The ‘collective bargaining’ usually centres around
(A) share in profit, job security and good working conditions
(B) job satisfaction, job security and new technology
(C) exploitation, profit generation and reinvestment
(D) corporate responsibility, global networking and profit sharing
Ans: D
89. “Integrate the working class into capitalist societies, making them less likely to become a radical or revolutionary force.” This statement is related to
(A) Political Parties (B) Interest Groups (C) Trade Unions (D) Peer Group
Ans: C
90. The average number of live-born children produced by women of childbearing age in a particular society, called
(A) Morbidity Rate (B) Mortality Rate (C) Fertility Rate (D) Fecundity Rate
Ans: A
91. “The economic perspective that believes that free market forces, achieved by minimizing Government restrictions on business, provides the only route to economic growth.” This statement explains the concept of
(A) Post modernity (B) Neo-liberalization (C) Neo-Marxism (D) Neo-Fordism
Ans: B
92. Which of the following does not cause ‘global warming’ ?
(A) Greenhouses effects (B) Rise in the earth’s temperature (C) Nano-technology (D) Industrial development
Ans: D
93. The Domestic Violence Act was passed in which of the following years ?
(A) 1988 (B) 2001 (C) 2004 (D) 2005
Ans: B
94. Who among the following is associated with ‘Human Development Index (HDI) for measuring the level of development among various countries ?
(A) Raymond Firth (B) Mahabub-ul-Haque (C) M.N. Srinivas (D) A.R. Desai
Ans: C
95. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) suggests
(A) cross border trade in education (B) localization of education
(C) only state funding in education (D) Corporate funding in primary and state funding in professional education
Ans: B
96. Who is the author of the book “Tribal Movements in India” ?
(A) M.S.A. Rao (B) Ghanshyam Shah (C) K.S. Singh (D) S. Fuchs
Ans: A
97. Who among the following is not a Scheduled Tribe of India ?
(A) Bhils (B) Santhals (C) Gurjars (D) Ho
Ans: C
98. Select the correct statements : On the issue of low status of women in family the socialist feminists argue that gender inequality is i. ideologically linked to their predominant engagement with household responsibility ii. due their predominant engagement with unpaid household activities iii. due to the low income of household iv. politically linked to their political passivity Select the correct alternative :
(A) i and ii (B) ii and iii (C) ii and iv (D) iii and iv
Ans: A
99. Which one of the following is not correct with regard to the Liberal Feminists view on the State ?
(A) The State is potentially a neutral arbiter and lack any ideology of its own.
(B) Men have captured the State.
(C) Men are pressure group, women are observers.
(D) Women should embrace strategies for meaningfully access the state and influence it.
Ans: C
100. Assertion (A) : Women’s work participation has substantially increased in the informal sector of economy in India.
Reason (R) : Education and skill development opportunities have expanded among rural women.
Select the correct answer :
(A) (A) is correct and (R) is the reason for (A).
(B) (A) is correct, but (R) is not the correct reason for (A).
(C) Both (A) and (R) are correct.
(D) Neither (A) nor (R) is correct.
Ans: D
(A) Beijing (B) Mexico (C) Nairobi (D) Copenhagen
Ans: C
77. The proportion of the aged (60+) population to the total population of India shows a trend of
(A) Stagnation (B) Decline (C) Increase (D) Increase in urban but decline rural areas
Ans: D
78. Which one of the following is not correct with regard to the Liberal Feminists view on the State ?
(A) The State is potentially a neutral arbiter and lack any ideology of its own. (B) Men have captured the State.
(C) Men are pressure group, women are observers. (D) Women should embrace strategies for meaningfully access the state and influence it.
Ans: C
79. The proportion of the aged (60+) population to the total population of India shows a trend of
(A) Stagnation (B) Decline (C) Increase (D) Increase in urban but decline rural areas
Ans: D
80. What proportion of India’s urban population live in slums ?
(A) Around one-fifth (B) Around one-fourth (C) Around one-third (D) Around one-half
Ans: D
81. What proportion of India’s population does not get safe drinking water as per WHO ?
(A) 15 % (B) 25 % (C) 35 % (D) 45 %
Ans: D
82. Who held the view that Indian tribals were backward Hindus ?
(A) G.S. Ghurye (B) Y.B. Damle (C) A.R. Desai (D) N.K. Bose
Ans: D
83. Who among the following has used the dialectical approach to the study of Indian Society ?
(A) M.N. Srinivas (B) D.P. Mukherjee (C) A. Beteille (D) Y.B. Damle
Ans: A
84. ‘Individuals, families and groups in the population can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or atleast widely encouraged or approved, in the societies to which they belong. Their resources are so seriously below those commanded by average individual or family that they are, in effect, excluded from the ordinary living patterns, customs and activities. (Townsend, 1979, cf Harlambos and Hoborn : Sociology, p.297). From the above paragraph in which of the following way ‘poverty’ is defined ?
(A) Poverty is absolute term. (B) Poverty as ‘Relative deprivation’.
(C) Poverty as ‘absence of resources’. (D) Poverty as ‘exclusion of activities’.
Ans: B
85. From the statements given below choose the code depicting correct answer to describe the ‘socially constructed gender inequalities’. (a) Hormonal and chromosomes differences between male and female.
(b) For similarly qualified persons, men favoured over women.
(c) Men and women are thought to possess different physical, emotional and mental capabilities.
(d) Practice of dowry has increased among the educated middle class in India.
Codes :
(A) All statements (a), (b), (c) and (d).
(B) (b) and (c) but not (a) and (d).
(C) (a), (b) and (d) but not (c).
(D) (b), (c) and (d) but not (a).
Ans: D
86. Given below are two statements – Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Pick the right answer from the codes : Assertion (A) : The problem of ‘dowry deaths’ is typically prevalent among the ‘emergent urban middle class’ in India. Reason (R) : The law of inheritance is discriminatory against women in India.
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are false.
(B) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(C) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not correct explanation of (A).
(D) (A) is true and (R) is correct explanation of (A).
Ans: B
87. The value of an individual’s labour power which is ‘left over’ when an employer has repaid the cost involved in hiring a worker is called in Marxian term
(A) Use value (B) Surplus value (C) Exchange value (D) Left-over value
Ans: C
88. The ‘collective bargaining’ usually centres around
(A) share in profit, job security and good working conditions
(B) job satisfaction, job security and new technology
(C) exploitation, profit generation and reinvestment
(D) corporate responsibility, global networking and profit sharing
Ans: D
89. “Integrate the working class into capitalist societies, making them less likely to become a radical or revolutionary force.” This statement is related to
(A) Political Parties (B) Interest Groups (C) Trade Unions (D) Peer Group
Ans: C
90. The average number of live-born children produced by women of childbearing age in a particular society, called
(A) Morbidity Rate (B) Mortality Rate (C) Fertility Rate (D) Fecundity Rate
Ans: A
91. “The economic perspective that believes that free market forces, achieved by minimizing Government restrictions on business, provides the only route to economic growth.” This statement explains the concept of
(A) Post modernity (B) Neo-liberalization (C) Neo-Marxism (D) Neo-Fordism
Ans: B
92. Which of the following does not cause ‘global warming’ ?
(A) Greenhouses effects (B) Rise in the earth’s temperature (C) Nano-technology (D) Industrial development
Ans: D
93. The Domestic Violence Act was passed in which of the following years ?
(A) 1988 (B) 2001 (C) 2004 (D) 2005
Ans: B
94. Who among the following is associated with ‘Human Development Index (HDI) for measuring the level of development among various countries ?
(A) Raymond Firth (B) Mahabub-ul-Haque (C) M.N. Srinivas (D) A.R. Desai
Ans: C
95. The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) suggests
(A) cross border trade in education (B) localization of education
(C) only state funding in education (D) Corporate funding in primary and state funding in professional education
Ans: B
96. Who is the author of the book “Tribal Movements in India” ?
(A) M.S.A. Rao (B) Ghanshyam Shah (C) K.S. Singh (D) S. Fuchs
Ans: A
97. Who among the following is not a Scheduled Tribe of India ?
(A) Bhils (B) Santhals (C) Gurjars (D) Ho
Ans: C
98. Select the correct statements : On the issue of low status of women in family the socialist feminists argue that gender inequality is i. ideologically linked to their predominant engagement with household responsibility ii. due their predominant engagement with unpaid household activities iii. due to the low income of household iv. politically linked to their political passivity Select the correct alternative :
(A) i and ii (B) ii and iii (C) ii and iv (D) iii and iv
Ans: A
99. Which one of the following is not correct with regard to the Liberal Feminists view on the State ?
(A) The State is potentially a neutral arbiter and lack any ideology of its own.
(B) Men have captured the State.
(C) Men are pressure group, women are observers.
(D) Women should embrace strategies for meaningfully access the state and influence it.
Ans: C
100. Assertion (A) : Women’s work participation has substantially increased in the informal sector of economy in India.
Reason (R) : Education and skill development opportunities have expanded among rural women.
Select the correct answer :
(A) (A) is correct and (R) is the reason for (A).
(B) (A) is correct, but (R) is not the correct reason for (A).
(C) Both (A) and (R) are correct.
(D) Neither (A) nor (R) is correct.
Ans: D